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1. In healthcare settings pathogenic organisms can be detected ____________.
   • in air
   • in water
   • on fomites
   • All of the above.
2. For infection to occur, which element of the "chain of infection" must be satisfied? There must be _______________.
   • an adequate number and sufficient virulence of pathogenic organisms
   • a susceptible host
   • a mode of transmission and a portal of entry
   • All of the above.
3. All of the following statements are correct with respect to droplets EXCEPT which one? Droplets _______________.
   • are particles of moisture greater than 5µ
   • can contain infectious pathogens
   • can be transported over a long distance, i.e., beyond 3 feet of the source
   • are instrumental in spreading the influenza virus
4. While the presence of an infectious agent in laser plumes or surgical smoke may not be sufficient to cause disease from airborne exposure, especially if the normal mode of transmission is not airborne, laser plumes and surgical smoke are considered potential risks in healthcare settings.
   • True
   • False
5. Which of the following areas requiring special ventilation must be maintained by community-based oral healthcare facilities?
   • Operating rooms
   • Protective environment rooms
   • Airborne infection isolation rooms
   • None of the above.
6. Which of the following modes are likely to serve as a vehicle for the transmission for Legionella spp. from a contaminated water source?
   • Ingestion of water.
   • Aspiration of water or inhalation of aerosols.
   • Direct contact with water.
   • Indirect-contact transmission (e.g., from an improperly reprocessed device).
7. Measures to prevent the spread of waterborne pathogens include all of the following EXCEPT which one?
   • Pipe runs from the water main as long as practical
   • Hand hygiene and glove use
   • Barrier precautions
   • Eliminating or minimizing contamination at point-of-use fixtures
8. The presence of biofilms of waterborne bacteria (e.g., Legionella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in dental unit waterlines has been confirmed.
   • True
   • False
9. All of the following statements relative to boil-water advisory are correct EXCEPT which one? While the boil-water advisory is in effect _______________.
   • use bottled water for patient rinsing
   • if hands are visibly soiled, use an alcohol-based handrub
   • do not deliver water to the patient through point-of-use fixtures from the public water system
   • do not use water from the public water system for handwashing
10. All of the following are specifically designed point-of-use devices to ensure water quality when performing oral surgical procedures for the delivery of sterile irrigating fluid EXCEPT which one?
    • Bulb syringe
    • Single-use disposable products
    • Air-water syringe
    • Sterilizable tubing
11. An essential first step to ensure the success of the disinfection process on fomites is the physical action of scrubbing with a detergent and rising with water, which removes large amounts of microorganisms from surfaces.
    • True
    • False
12. All of the following statements are correct in relation to intermediate-level disinfectants EXCEPT which one? Intermediate-level disinfectants _______________.
    • are regulated exclusively by the FDA
    • inactivate Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is substantially more resistant to chemical germicides than ordinary vegetative bacteria, fungi, and viruses (with or without lipid envelops)
    • with the exception of sodium hypochlorite, have no demonstrable sporicidal activity
    • are labeled as "tuberculocidal hospital disinfectants
13. If barriers are not used on clinical contact surfaces, surfaces without soil (i.e., without visible blood and OPIM) should be cleaned and then they may be disinfected using an EPA-registered _______________.
    • low-level disinfectant (List D, i.e., a hospital disinfectant with HIV, HBV claim)
    • intermediate-level disinfectant (List B, i.e., a hospital disinfectant with a tuberculocidal claim)
    • intermediate-level disinfectant (List E, i.e., a hospital disinfectant with a tuberculocidal, and an HIV, HBV claim)
    • All of the above.
14. All of the following statements are correct with respect to housekeeping surfaces EXCEPT which one?
    • Extraordinary cleaning and decontamination of floors in healthcare settings is warranted.
    • Cleaning the walls, blinds, and window curtains is recommended when they are visibly soiled.
    • Housekeeping surfaces need to be cleaned only with soap and water, alternatively, a detergent/disinfectant may be used.
    • The methods, thoroughness, and frequency of cleaning housekeeping surfaces and the products used are determined by healthcare facility policy.
15. All of the following strategies for spills of blood and OPIM are acceptable according to OSHA regulations EXCEPT which one? In patient-care areas, OHCWs can manage small spills first by removing visible organic matter with an absorbent material (e.g., disposable paper towels discarded into leak-proof, properly labeled containers) and then decontaminating the area with _______________.
    • household bleach, 1:10 v/v dilution
    • low-level disinfectant (List D, i.e., a hospital disinfectant with HIV, HBV claim)
    • intermediate-level disinfectant (List B, i.e., a hospital disinfectant with a tuberculocidal claim)
    • intermediate-level disinfectant (List E, i.e., a hospital disinfectant with a tuberculocidal, and an HIV, HBV claim)
16. All of the following statements are correct with reference to carpeting and cloth furnishings in clinical setting EXCEPT which one?
    • Vacuuming and cleaning can temporarily reduce the numbers of bacteria, but these populations tend to rebound and return to pre-cleaning levels.
    • Avoiding the use of carpeting is prudent in areas where spills are likely to occur because carpeting contaminated with blood or OPIM cannot be fully decontaminated.
    • Allergens have been detected in or on cloth furniture and it is suggested that cloth chairs be vacuumed regularly to keep dust and allergens levels to a minimum.
    • There is solid evidence that carpets and cloth furnishings in general patient-care areas increase the risk of healthcare associated infections.
17. All of the following statements are correct with reference to contaminated laundry EXCEPT which one?
    • OSHA defines contaminated laundry as "laundry which has been soiled with blood or OPIM".
    • Healthcare-associated infections linked to contaminated fabrics are so few that the overall risk of disease transmission during the laundry process is negligible.
    • OSHA regulations prohibit home laundering of PPE, however experts agree that this regulation extends to uniforms and scrubs that are not contaminated with blood and OPIM.
    • Employers must launder workers personal protective garments or uniforms and other laundry contaminated with blood and OPIM.
18. All of the following statements are correct with reference to disposable (i.e., single use) surgical gowns, drapes, and fabrics EXCEPT which one?
    • Disposable (i.e., single use) surgical gowns, drapes, and fabrics must be resistant to liquids and microbial penetration.
    • Disposable (i.e., single use) surgical gowns, drapes, and fabrics must be registered with the FDA to demonstrate their safety and effectiveness.
    • The CDC offers specific recommendations regarding the use of disposable fabrics and textiles versus durable goods.
    • Repellency and pore size of the fabric contribute to gown performance, but performance capability can also be influenced by the item's design and construction.
19. Epidemiological evidence suggest that solid or liquid waste from hospitals, other healthcare facilities, or clinical/research laboratories is more infective than residential waste.
    • True
    • False
20. All of the following items are considered "regulated medical waste" EXCEPT which one?
    • Solid waste soaked or saturated with blood or OPIM, e.g., gauze saturated with blood during surgery.
    • Gloves, masks, lightly soiled gauze or cotton roles, and environmental barriers.
    • Extracted teeth, and surgically removed hard and soft tissues.
    • Contaminated sharp items, e.g., needles, scalpel blades, and wires.