Test Preview

1. The first laser ever built in 1960 was ____________.

   • CO₂
   • erbium
   • Nd:YAG
   • ruby

2. The first laser marketed to dentistry was ____________.

   • Er:YAG in 1995
   • Nd:YAG in 1990
   • Nd:YAG in 1987
   • A diode in 1991

3. Laser is an acronym for _______________.

   • light amplitude by simple emission of radiation
   • level amplified stimulated emission of radiation
   • light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
   • lowered amplification of static emitted radiation

4. Dental laser beams are _______________.

   • monochromatic, non-coherent, and multidirectional
   • ionizing, monochromatic, and unidirectional
   • monochromatic, coherent, and unidirectional
   • non-ionizing, monochromatic, and emitted from a passive medium

5. Optical Pumping is used to achieve which step in laser creation?

   • Amplification
   • Emission
   • Radiation
   • Stimulation

6. Laser power is _______________.

   • the rate of energy used and is measured in watts
   • the amount of energy produced and is measured in millijoules
   • the product of pulses per second and wattage
   • greatest in diode lasers

7. The emission mode that has true pulsed bursts of laser energy is ____________.

   • continuous
   • free running pulsed
   • gated wave
   • intermittent

8. A laser running in continuous mode’s peak power is _______________.

   • higher than its average power
   • lower than its average power
   • the same as its average power
   • why it is so useful for cutting enamel and dentin

9. Thermal relaxation refers to _______________.

   • the ability of biostimulation with lasers to relax skeletal muscle
   • the ability of biostimulation to dilate capillaries and increase blood flow
   • the ability of the active medium crystal to cool itself in free running pulsed mode
   • the tissues ability to absorb and dissipate heat to help minimize thermal damage with pulsed laser usage

10. The actual physical work done by a laser is mostly a result of which interaction?

    • Scattering
    • Absorption
    • Transmission
    • Refraction

11. Which of the following statements are true?

    • Erbium lasers primary chromophore is water and Nd:YAG lasers primary chromophores are pigments like hemoglobin or melanin.
    • CO₂ lasers are primarily absorbed by water.
    • Shorter near infrared laser wavelengths of diodes and Nd:YAG exhibit greater tissue penetration than erbium lasers.
    • All of the above.

12. Fluorescence of tissue stimulated by laser light is mostly important in ____________.

    • caries diagnosis
    • biostimulation
    • periodontal therapies
    • A and B

13. The primary biological effect of lasers when performing soft tissue procedures is ____________.

    • photochemical
    • photoacoustic
    • photothermal
    • photodisruptive

14. When tissue is heated to 60 degrees C, _______________.

    • protein will begin to denature
    • tissue is vaporized
    • tissue will show signs of carbonization
    • None of the above.

15. Erbium lasers _______________.

    • all have identical wavelengths
    • all exhibit identical water absorption
    • are hard and soft tissue capable
    • run in continuous emission mode

16. When cutting hard tissue with an erbium laser, _______________.

    • longer pulse durations are preferable
    • minimal thermal effects are observed in adjacent tissue when used properly
    • shorter pulse durations have lower peak power
    • anesthesia is always needed when preparing teeth

17. Nd:YAG lasers _______________.

    • are available in multiple wavelengths
    • use primarily photoacoustic effects to work
    • are 1064 nm wavelength
    • exhibit minimal tissue penetration

18. Fibrin formation with an Nd:YAG laser _______________.

    • is maximized at a 650 microsecond pulse duration
    • can be utilized after an extraction to help form a clot in the socket
    • is useful when treating periodontal pockets
    • All of the above.

19. Diode lasers _______________.

    • are the most expensive of all types of dental lasers
    • are available in only a single wavelength
    • use a semiconductor stimulated by electricity to produce laser light
    • have hard tissue capabilities

20. Water is the primary chromophore for diode laser wavelengths.  Diode lasers run in free running pulsed mode.

    • Both statements are true.
    • The first statement is true and the second statement is false.
    • The first statement is false and the second statement is true.
    • Both statements are false.

21. CO₂ Lasers _______________.

    • are the most recently developed of the dental lasers
    • do not use quartz optical fibers as their beam transfer hardware
    • have extensive hard tissue capabilities
    • are efficient at cutting tissue but exhibit poor hemostasis

22. When using dental lasers _______________.

    • safety glasses made specifically for the wavelength must be worn by all patients, staff, and observers
    • universal laser safety glasses can be used
    • only the patient needs to wear eye protection
    • no eye protection is needed when using an Nd:YAG laser

23. The laser plume _______________.

    • may contain hazardous chemicals and infectious agents
    • necessitates the need for high speed evacuation
    • is a reason for staff to wear high quality masks
    • All of the above.

24. The Diagnodent diagnostic laser _______________.

    • can only be used to diagnose class I caries
    • is 655 nm visible light
    • indicates all positive readings need to be restored
    • is not used on pediatric patients

25. When performing operative dentistry with erbium lasers enamel is removed via _______________.

    • vaporization
    • carbonization
    • photoacoustic ablation
    • very long pulse durations

26. Experienced erbium laser users usually _______________.

    • do not need local anesthesia for the majority of restorations
    • routinely remove amalgam with their lasers
    • only use their laser for class I and V lesions
    • anesthetize approximately half of the time

27. When considering soft tissue uses of lasers, _______________.

    • only diodes, Nd:YAG, and CO₂ lasers can be used
    • the practitioner does not need to understand the differing thermal and biological effects of differing wavelengths as all soft tissue lasers behave similarly
    • thermal relaxation does not matter as it only occurs when cutting hard tissue
    • None of the above.

28. For cutting bone, _______________.

    • any wavelength can be used, though they differ in their effectiveness
    • Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers have FDA clearance
    • erbium lasers cause much more damage to bone than surgical burs
    • narcotic analgesics are usually need post operatively when lasers are used

29. When submitting a laser resected biopsy, _______________.

    • no special instructions are needed
    • only lesions suspected of being dysplastic or malignant need to be examined microscopically
    • the dentist should indicate on the lab form that a laser was used and what type of laser
    • all lasers leave identical artifacts on the specimen

30. P.I.P.S. stands for _______________.

    • Photon Induced Plasma Streaming
    • Photon Induced Photoacoustic Streaming
    • Plasma Inverted Photonic Stimulation
    • Photon Inversion by Plasma Stimulation