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The first laser ever built in 1960 was ____________.

A. CO₂B. erbiumC. Nd:YAGD. ruby

The first laser marketed to dentistry was ____________.

A. Er:YAG in 1995B. Nd:YAG in 1990C. Nd:YAG in 1987D. A diode in 1991

Laser is an acronym for _______________.

A. light amplitude by simple emission of radiationB. level amplified stimulated emission of radiationC. light amplification by stimulated emission of radiationD. lowered amplification of static emitted radiation

Dental laser beams are _______________.

A. monochromatic, non-coherent, and multidirectionalB. ionizing, monochromatic, and unidirectionalC. monochromatic, coherent, and unidirectionalD. non-ionizing, monochromatic, and emitted from a passive medium

Optical Pumping is used to achieve which step in laser creation?

A. AmplificationB. EmissionC. RadiationD. Stimulation

Laser power is _______________.

A. the rate of energy used and is measured in wattsB. the amount of energy produced and is measured in millijoulesC. the product of pulses per second and wattageD. greatest in diode lasers

The emission mode that has true pulsed bursts of laser energy is ____________.

A. continuousB. free running pulsedC. gated waveD. intermittent

A laser running in continuous mode’s peak power is _______________.

A. higher than its average powerB. lower than its average powerC. the same as its average powerD. why it is so useful for cutting enamel and dentin

Thermal relaxation refers to _______________.

A. the ability of biostimulation with lasers to relax skeletal muscleB. the ability of biostimulation to dilate capillaries and increase blood flowC. the ability of the active medium crystal to cool itself in free running pulsed modeD. the tissues ability to absorb and dissipate heat to help minimize thermal damage with pulsed laser usage

The actual physical work done by a laser is mostly a result of which interaction?

A. ScatteringB. AbsorptionC. TransmissionD. Refraction

Which of the following statements are true?

A. Erbium lasers primary chromophore is water and Nd:YAG lasers primary chromophores are pigments like hemoglobin or melanin.B. CO₂ lasers are primarily absorbed by water.C. Shorter near infrared laser wavelengths of diodes and Nd:YAG exhibit greater tissue penetration than erbium lasers.D. All of the above.

Fluorescence of tissue stimulated by laser light is mostly important in ____________.

A. caries diagnosisB. biostimulationC. periodontal therapiesD. A and B

The primary biological effect of lasers when performing soft tissue procedures is ____________.

A. photochemicalB. photoacousticC. photothermalD. photodisruptive

When tissue is heated to 60 degrees C, _______________.

A. protein will begin to denatureB. tissue is vaporizedC. tissue will show signs of carbonizationD. None of the above.

Erbium lasers _______________.

A. all have identical wavelengthsB. all exhibit identical water absorptionC. are hard and soft tissue capableD. run in continuous emission mode

When cutting hard tissue with an erbium laser, _______________.

A. longer pulse durations are preferableB. minimal thermal effects are observed in adjacent tissue when used properlyC. shorter pulse durations have lower peak powerD. anesthesia is always needed when preparing teeth

Nd:YAG lasers _______________.

A. are available in multiple wavelengthsB. use primarily photoacoustic effects to workC. are 1064 nm wavelengthD. exhibit minimal tissue penetration

Fibrin formation with an Nd:YAG laser _______________.

A. is maximized at a 650 microsecond pulse durationB. can be utilized after an extraction to help form a clot in the socketC. is useful when treating periodontal pocketsD. All of the above.

Diode lasers _______________.

A. are the most expensive of all types of dental lasersB. are available in only a single wavelengthC. use a semiconductor stimulated by electricity to produce laser lightD. have hard tissue capabilities

Water is the primary chromophore for diode laser wavelengths. Diode lasers run in free running pulsed mode.

A. Both statements are true.B. The first statement is true and the second statement is false.C. The first statement is false and the second statement is true.D. Both statements are false.

CO₂ Lasers _______________.

A. are the most recently developed of the dental lasersB. do not use quartz optical fibers as their beam transfer hardwareC. have extensive hard tissue capabilitiesD. are efficient at cutting tissue but exhibit poor hemostasis

When using dental lasers _______________.

A. safety glasses made specifically for the wavelength must be worn by all patients, staff, and observersB. universal laser safety glasses can be usedC. only the patient needs to wear eye protectionD. no eye protection is needed when using an Nd:YAG laser

The laser plume _______________.

A. may contain hazardous chemicals and infectious agentsB. necessitates the need for high speed evacuationC. is a reason for staff to wear high quality masksD. All of the above.

The Diagnodent diagnostic laser _______________.

A. can only be used to diagnose class I cariesB. is 655 nm visible lightC. indicates all positive readings need to be restoredD. is not used on pediatric patients

When performing operative dentistry with erbium lasers enamel is removed via _______________.

A. vaporizationB. carbonizationC. photoacoustic ablationD. very long pulse durations

Experienced erbium laser users usually _______________.

A. do not need local anesthesia for the majority of restorationsB. routinely remove amalgam with their lasersC. only use their laser for class I and V lesionsD. anesthetize approximately half of the time

When considering soft tissue uses of lasers, _______________.

A. only diodes, Nd:YAG, and CO₂ lasers can be usedB. the practitioner does not need to understand the differing thermal and biological effects of differing wavelengths as all soft tissue lasers behave similarlyC. thermal relaxation does not matter as it only occurs when cutting hard tissueD. None of the above.

For cutting bone, _______________.

A. any wavelength can be used, though they differ in their effectivenessB. Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers have FDA clearanceC. erbium lasers cause much more damage to bone than surgical bursD. narcotic analgesics are usually need post operatively when lasers are used

When submitting a laser resected biopsy, _______________.

A. no special instructions are neededB. only lesions suspected of being dysplastic or malignant need to be examined microscopicallyC. the dentist should indicate on the lab form that a laser was used and what type of laserD. all lasers leave identical artifacts on the specimen

P.I.P.S. stands for _______________.

A. Photon Induced Plasma StreamingB. Photon Induced Photoacoustic StreamingC. Plasma Inverted Photonic StimulationD. Photon Inversion by Plasma Stimulation

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Lasers in Dentistry: Minimally Invasive Instruments for the Modern Practice
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