The Caries Process

Enamel is composed of mineralized crystals in an organic matrix. This unique structure provides channels through which minerals, such as calcium and fluoride, and acids can flow.

We no longer think of dental caries as a simple, uncontrollable, linear progression from acid demineralization to a frank clinical lesion. We now know the caries process is dynamic and involves continuous demineralization with intermittent remineralization.

Normally, equilibrium exists between mineral loss (demineralization) and mineral gain (remineralization). Demineralization occurs when acid lowers the pH at the tooth surface. This causes calcium, phosphate, and other minerals to diffuse out of the enamel and creates a subsurface lesion.

Remineralization represents the opposite reaction. During remineralization, mineral is redeposited in the subsurface lesion. Fluoride, even in low concentrations, can enhance the remineralization of enamel and may actually result in a crystal structure that is more caries-resistant.

In this process of demineralization and remineralization, enamel caries can actually be reversed provided the outer surface layer of the enamel is still intact. Once the outer surface layer is lost, the potential for remineralization is also lost, and the tooth must be restored to achieve its previous form.