Withdrawal syndrome is a substance-specific ADR associated with cessation or rapid reduction in the amount of a substance that an individual (usually a substance-dependent person) has been taking for a prolonged period of time and/or in high doses.8 It can occur with alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, amphetamines, and heroin; and following the long-term use of therapeutic agents such as opioids and benzodiazepines. The signs and symptoms of withdrawal of a drug are opposite to the effects of the acute administration of that drug.
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