CNS effects of LAs may be excitatory and/or depressant in nature.2,4-10,19-21,26,27 Excitatory effects are usually brief and include lightheadedness, restlessness, anxiety, apprehension, euphoria, confusion, dizziness, tinnitus, blurred or double vision; twitching, tremors, and rarely convulsions. Depressant effects include drowsiness progressing to unconsciousness, respiratory depression, and finally, respiratory arrest. Other CNS effects may include nausea, vomiting, chills, and miosis.
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