Drugs seldom exert their beneficial effects without also causing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For example, some LAs or their metabolites are inherently toxic and produce cytotoxic reactions; other reactions may be immune mediated or idiosyncratic.2-10,18-25,49-51 In general, ADRs associated with the administration to lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, articaine, and bupivacaine are similar and may be consider together.2-10 However, some unique toxicities will be highlighted.
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