DentalCare Logo

Actinic Cheilosis: Etiology, Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Course Number: 400

PDF

References / Additional Resources

  1. Jadotte YT, Schwartz RA. Solar cheilosis: An ominous precursor Part I. Diagnostic insights. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012 Feb;66(2):173-84; quiz 185-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.09.040.

  2. Picascia DD, Robinson JK. Actinic cheilitis: a review of the etiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987 Aug;17(2 Pt 1):255-64.

  3. Rogers RS 3rd, Bekic M. Diseases of the lips. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1997 Dec;16(4):328-36.

  4. de Visscher JG, van der Waal I. Etiology of cancer of the lip. A review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998 Jun;27(3):199-203.

  5. Fu W, Cockerell CJ. The actinic (solar) keratosis: a 21st-century perspective. Arch Dermatol. 2003 Jan;139(1):66-70.

  6. Leffell DJ. The scientific basis of skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Jan;42(1 Pt 2):18-22.

  7. Mancebo SE, Hu JY, Wang SQ. Sunscreens. Review of health benefits, regulations, and controversies. Dermatol Clin 2014;32:427-438.

  8. Valejo Coelho MM, Matos TR, Apetato M. The dark side of the light: mechanisms of photocarcinogenesis. Clin Dermatol. 2016 Sep-Oct;34(5):563-70. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.05.022.

  9. de Visscher JG, Schaapveld M, Otter R, et al. Epidemiology of cancer of the lip in The Netherlands. Oral Oncol. 1998 Sep;34(5):421-6.

  10. Ostwald C, Gogacz P, Hillmann T, et al. p53 mutational spectra are different between squamous-cell carcinomas of the lip and the oral cavity. Int J Cancer. 2000 Oct 1;88(1):82-6.

  11. Clydesdale GJ, Dandie GW, Muller HK. Ultraviolet light induced injury: immunological and inflammatory effects. Immunol Cell Biol. 2001 Dec;79(6):547-68.

  12. Schober-Flores C. The sun's damaging effects. Dermatol Nurs. 2001 Aug;13(4):279-86.

  13. Salasche SJ. Epidemiology of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Jan;42(1 Pt 2):4-7.

  14. Sarasin A. The molecular pathways of ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis. Mutat Res. 1999 Jul 16;428(1-2):5-10.

  15. Armstrong BK, Kricker A. The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2001 Oct;63(1-3):8-18.

  16. Ortonne JP. From actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Apr;146 Suppl 61:20-3.

  17. Crosthwaite N, Teale D, Franklin C, et al. p53 protein expression in malignant, pre-malignant and non-malignant lesions of the lip. J Clin Pathol. 1996 Aug;49(8):648-53.

  18. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Radiation-Emitting Products. Your skin. Accessed January 24, 2022.

  19. de Gruijl FR, van Kranen HJ, Mullenders LH. UV-induced DNA damage, repair, mutations and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2001 Oct;63(1-3):19-27.

  20. Perea-Milla López E, Miñarro-Del Moral RM, Martínez-García C, et al. Lifestyles, environmental and phenotypic factors associated with lip cancer: a case-control study in southern Spain. Br J Cancer. 2003 Jun 2;88(11):1702-7.

  21. National Cancer Institute. Cancer Stat Facts: Lip Cancer. Accessed January 24, 2022.

  22. Dreno B. Skin cancers after transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003 Jun;18(6):1052-8.

  23. Hodgson TA, Greenspan D, Greenspan JS. Oral lesions of HIV disease and HAART in industrialized countries. Adv Dent Res. 2006 Apr 1;19(1):57-62.

  24. Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Fraumeni JF Jr, et al. Spectrum of cancer risk among US solid organ transplant recipients. JAMA. 2011 Nov 2;306(17):1891-901. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1592.

  25. Adami J, Gäbel H, Lindelöf B, et al. Cancer risk following organ transplantation: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden. Br J Cancer. 2003 Oct 6;89(7):1221-7.

  26. Lindelöf B, Sigurgeirsson B, Gäbel H, et al. Incidence of skin cancer in 5356 patients following organ transplantation. Br J Dermatol. 2000 Sep;143(3):513-9.

  27. Krouse RS, Alberts DS, Prasad AR, et al. Progression of skin lesions from normal skin to squamous cell carcinoma. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2009 Feb;31(1):17-25.

  28. Baker SR. Risk factors in multiple carcinomas of the lip. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (1979). 1980 May-Jun;88(3):248-51.

  29. Cataldo E, Doku HC. Solar cheilitis. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1981 Dec;7(12):989-95.

  30. Wurman LH, Adams GL, Meyerhoff WL. Carcinima of the lip. Am J Surg. 1975 Oct;130(4):470-4.

  31. Lindelöf B, Sigurgeirsson B, Gäbel H, et al. Incidence of skin cancer in 5356 patients following organ transplantation. Br J Dermatol. 2000 Sep;143(3):513-9.

  32. Muse ME, Crane JS. Actinic cheilitis. 2021 Aug 9. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan

  33. Cavalcante AS, Anbider AL, Carvalho YR. Actinic Cheilitis: Clinical and Histological Features. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Mar;66(3):498-503. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2006.09.016.

  34. de Oliveira Miranda AM, de Miranda Ferrari T, Campos Leite T, et al. Actinic Cheilitis: Clinical Characteristics Observed in 75 Patients and a Summary of the Literature of This Often Neglected Premalignant Disorder. Int J Clin. 2014 Dec;21(5):1337-1344. doi: 10.4236/ijcm.2014.521171. Accessed January 24, 2022.

  35. Markopoulos A, Albanidou-Farmaki E, Kayavis I. Actinic cheilitis: clinical and pathologic characteristics in 65 cases. Oral Dis. 2004 Jul;10(4):212-6.

  36. Jadotte YT, Schwartz RA. Solar cheilosis: an ominous precursor part II. Therapeutic perspectives. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012 Feb;66(2):187-98; quiz 199-200. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.09.039.

  37. Huber MA. Oral lichen planus. Quintessence Int. 2004 Oct;35(9):731-52.

  38. van Tuyll van Serooskerken AM, van Marion AM, de Zwart-Storm E, et al. Lichen planus with bullous manifestation on the lip. Int J Dermatol. 2007 Nov;46 Suppl 3:25-6.

  39. Nissalo S, Hietanen J, Malmström M, et al. Disorder-specific changes in innervation in oral lichen planus and lichenoid reactions. J Oral Pathol Med. 2000 Sep;29(8):361-9.

  40. Nico MM, Nakano de Melo J, Lourenço SV. Cheilitis glandularis: a clinicopathological study in 22 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Feb;62(2):233-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.06.038. Epub 2009 Dec 11.

  41. Reiter S, Vered M, Yarom N, et al. Cheilitis glandularis: clinico-histopathological diagnostic criteria. Oral Dis. 2011 Apr;17(3):335-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01762.x. Epub 2010 Oct 28.

  42. Ayangco L, Rogers RS 3rd. Oral manifestations of erythema multiforme. Dermatol Clin. 2003 Jan;21(1):195-205.

  43. Mockenhaupt M. The current understanding of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2011 Nov;7(6):803-13; quiz 814-5. doi: 10.1586/eci.11.66.

  44. Bickle K, Roark TR, Hsu S. Autoimmune bullous dermatoses: a review. Am Fam Physician. 2002 May 1;65(9):1861-70.

  45. Dagistan S, Goregen M, Miloglu O, et al. Oral pemphigus vulgaris: a case report with review of the literature. J Oral Sci. 2008 Sep;50(3):359-62.

  46. Orteu CH, Buchanan JA, Hutchison I, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with oral mucosal lesions: easily missed? Br J Dermatol. 2001 Jun;144(6):1219-23.

  47. Hasséus B, Jontell M, Brune M, et al. Langerhans cells and T cells in oral graft versus host disease and oral lichen planus. Scand J Immunol. 2001 Nov;54(5):516-24.

  48. Farrier JN, Perkins CS. Plasma cell cheilitis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Dec;46(8):679-80. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Dec;46(8):679-80. doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2008.03.009. Epub 2008 Apr 24.

  49. El-Hakim M, Chauvin P. Orofacial granulomatosis presenting as persistent lip swelling: review of 6 new cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004 Sep;62(9):1114-7.

  50. van der Waal RI, Schulten EA, van der Meij EH, et al. Cheilitis granulomatosa: overview of 13 patients with long-term follow-up—results of management. Int J Dermatol. 2002 Apr;41(4):225-9.

  51. Cockerell CJ. Histopathology of incipient intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma ("actinic keratosis"). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Jan;42(1 Pt 2):11-7.

  52. Yantsos VA, Conrad N, Zabawski E, et al. Incipient intraepidermal cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a proposal for reclassifying and grading solar (actinic) keratoses. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1999 Mar;18(1):3-14.

  53. McCombe D, MacGill K, Ainslie J, et alJ. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip: a retrospective review of the Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute experience 1979-88. Aust N Z J Surg. 2000 May;70(5):358-61.

  54. Fernández-Angel I, Rodríguez-Archilla A, Aneiros Cachaza J, et al. Markers of metastasis in lip cancer. Eur J Dermatol. 2003 May-Jun;13(3):276-9.

  55. Guney E, Yigitbasi OG. Functional surgical approach to the level I for staging early carcinoma of the lower lip. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Oct;131(4):503-8.

  56. Rodolico V, Barresi E, Di Lorenzo R, et al. Lymph node metastasis in lower lip squamous cell carcinoma in relation to tumour size, histologic variables and p27Kip1 protein expression. Oral Oncol. 2004 Jan;40(1):92-8.

  57. Zitsch RP 3rd, Lee BW, Smith RB. Cervical lymph node metastases and squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. Head Neck. 1999 Aug;21(5):447-53.

  58. de Visscher JG, van den Elsaker K, Grond AJ, et al. Surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip: evaluation of long-term results and prognostic factors—a retrospective analysis of 184 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998 Jul;56(7):814-20.

  59. Bilkay U, Kerem H, Ozek C, et al. Management of lower lip cancer: a retrospective analysis of 118 patients and review of the literature. Ann Plast Surg. 2003 Jan;50(1):43-50.

  60. Meves A, Repacholi MH, Rehfuess EA. Global Solar UV Index: a physician's tool for fighting the skin cancer epidemic. Int J Dermatol. 2003 Oct;42(10):846-9.

  61. American Cancer Society. Skin Cancer Prevention and Early Detection. How do I protect myself from UV rays? Accessed January 24, 2022.

  62. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. §201.327 Over-the-counter sunscreen drug products; required labeling based on effectiveness testing. Accessed January 24, 2022.

  63. Rosen CF. Topical and systemic photoprotection. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16(1):8-15.

  64. Young AR. Are broad-spectrum sunscreens necessary for immunoprotection? J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Oct;121(4):ix‑x.

  65. Moyal DD, Fourtanier AM. Broad-spectrum sunscreens provide better protection from solar ultraviolet-simulated radiation and natural sunlight-induced immunosuppression in human beings. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 May;58(5 Suppl 2):S149-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.035.

  66. Sambandan DR, Ratner D. Sunscreens: an overview and update. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Apr;64(4):748-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.01.005. Epub 2011 Feb 3.

  67. The Skin Cancer Foundation. The Skin Cancer Foundation's Guide to Sunscreens. Accessed January 24, 2022.

  68. Brady K. 15 Best Lip Balms with SPF in 2021, According to Dermatologists. Prevention. May 18, 2021. Accessed January 24, 2022.

  69. Lai M, Pampena R, Cornacchia L, et. al. Treatment of actinic cheilitis: A systemic review of the literature. J Am Acad Deramtol. 2020;83:876-87.

  70. Bota JP, Lyons AB, Carroll BT. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lip-A Review of Squamous Cell Carcinogenesis of the Mucosal and Cutaneous Junction. Dermatol Surg. 2017 Apr;43(4):494-506. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000001020.

Additional Resources


  • No Additional Resources Available
0/8Next