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What to Know About Whitening

Course Number: 491

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References / Additional Resources

  1. Carey CM. Tooth whitening: what we now know. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2014 Jun;14 Suppl:70-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2014.02.006. Epub 2014 Feb 13. Accessed October 3, 2025.

  2. American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry. Whitening survey. 2012 [cited 2019 Feb 20]. Accessed September 2, 2022.

  3. American Dental Association. ADA Council on Scientific Affairs. Tooth whitening/bleaching: treatment considerations for dentists and their patients. 2009 Sept [updated 2022 Aug; cited 2019 Feb 13]. Accessed October 3, 2025.

  4. Kugel G, Ferreira S. The Art and Science of Tooth Whitening. Inside Dentistry. 2006 Sep;2(7). Accessed October 3, 2025.

  5. Eachempati P, Kumbargere Nagraj S, Kiran Kumar Krishanappa S, et al. Home-based chemically-induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 18;12:CD006202. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006202.pub2.

  6. Eastabrooks D. Oral hygiene assessment: soft and hard deposits. Dental hygiene: theory and practice, 4th ed. Darby ML (Ed), Walsh MM (Ed). St. Louis, MO. Saunders/Elsevier Publishing. 2015:282-93.

  7. Alqahtani MQ. Tooth-bleaching procedures and their controversial effects: A literature review. Saudi Dent J. 2014 Apr;26(2):33-46. doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2014.02.002. Epub 2014 Mar 12. Accessed October 3, 2025.

  8. Darby ML, Walsh MM. Stain management and tooth whitening. Dental hygiene: theory and practice, 4th ed. Darby ML (Ed), Walsh MM (Ed). St. Louis, MO. Saunders/Elsevier Publishing. 2015:516-33.

  9. Goldberg M, Grootveld M, Lynch E. Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review. Clin Oral Investig. 2010 Feb;14(1):1-10. doi: 10.1007/s00784-009-0302-4. Epub 2009 Jun 20. Accessed October 3, 2025.

  10. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). Policy on the Use of Dental Bleaching for Child and Adolescent Patients. Rev 2023. Accessed October 3, 2025

  11. Curson MEJ, Duggal MS. Structure of teeth. Dental disease. Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2nd ed. Boston, MA. Elsevier. 2003:1743-6.

  12. da Costa JB, McPharlin R, Hilton T, et al. Comparison of two at-home whitening products of similar peroxide concentration and different delivery methods. Oper Dent. 2012 Jul-Aug;37(4):333-9. doi: 10.2341/11-053-C. Epub 2012 Mar 21. Accessed October 3, 2025

  13. Luque-Martinez I, Reis A, Schroeder M, et al. Comparison of efficacy of tray-delivered carbamide and hydrogen peroxide for at-home bleaching: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2016 Sep;20(7):1419-33. doi: 10.1007/s00784-016-1863-7. Epub 2016 Jun 11. Accessed October 3, 2025

  14. de Geus JL, Wambier LM, Kossatz S, et al. At-home vs In-office Bleaching: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Oper Dent. 2016 Jul-Aug;41(4):341-56. doi: 10.2341/15-287-LIT. Epub 2016 Apr 5. Accessed October 3, 2025

  15. Cordeiro D, Toda C, Hanan S, et al. Clinical Evaluation of Different Delivery Methods of At-Home Bleaching Gels Composed of 10% Hydrogen Peroxide. Oper Dent. 2019 Jan/Feb;44(1):13-23. doi: 10.2341/17-174-C. Epub 2018 Aug 24. Accessed October 3, 2025

  16. Sagel PA, Landrigan WF. A new approach to strip-based tooth whitening: 14% hydrogen peroxide delivered via controlled low dose. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2004 Aug;25(8 Suppl 2):9-13. Accessed October 3, 2025

  17. de Geus JL, Wambier LM, Boing TF, et al. At-home Bleaching With 10% vs More Concentrated Carbamide Peroxide Gels: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Oper Dent. 2018 Jul/Aug;43(4):E210-E222. doi: 10.2341/17-222-L. Accessed October 3, 2025

  18. da Rosa G, Maran BM, Schmitt VL, et al. Effectiveness of Whitening Strips Use Compared With Supervised Dental Bleaching: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Oper Dent. 2020 Nov 1;45(6):E289-E307. doi: 10.2341/19-160-L.

  19. Pontes M, Gomes J, Lemos C, et al. Effect of Bleaching Gel Concentration on Tooth Color and Sensitivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Oper Dent. 2020 May/Jun;45(3):265-275.

  20. Infantina V, Sindhu R, Savitha S et al. Effectiveness of various types of laser therapy during in office bleaching - systematic review International Journal of Current Science Research and Review ISSN: 2581-8341 Vol 05 Issue 08, August 2022.

  21. Maran BM, Matos TP, de Castro ADS, et al. In-office bleaching with low/medium vs. high concentrate hydrogen peroxide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2020 Dec;103:103499. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103499. Epub 2020 Oct 15. PMID: 33068711

  22. Maran BM, Burey A, de Paris Matos T, et al. In-office dental bleaching with light vs. without light: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2018 Mar;70:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.11.007. Epub 2017 Dec 29. September 2, 2022.

  23. Matis BA. Degradation of gel in tray whitening. Compend Contin Educ Dent Suppl. 2000;(28):S28, S31-5; quiz S49.

  24. Al-Qunaian TA, Matis BA, Cochran MA. In vivo kinetics of bleaching gel with three-percent hydrogen peroxide within the first hour. Oper Dent. 2003 May-Jun;28(3):236-41. Accessed October 3, 2025

  25. García-Godoy F, Villalta P, Barker ML, et al. Placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical trial on the safety and efficacy of a low-gel, 14% hydrogen-peroxide whitening strip. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2004 Aug;25(8 Suppl 2):21-6.

  26. CBS Boston. Curious If Teeth Whitening At Mall Kiosks Is Safe. CBS Broadcasting Inc. 2010 Oct 1. Accessed October 3, 2025

  27. Good Morning America. Whitening Kiosks at the Mall. ABC News.

  28. Serraglio CR, Zanella L, Dalla-Vecchia KB, et al. Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter whitening strips as compared to home-whitening with 10 % carbamide peroxide gel--systematic review of RCTs and metanalysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2016 Jan;20(1):1-14. doi: 10.1007/s00784-015-1547-8. Epub 2015 Aug 7. Accessed October 3, 2025

  29. Majeed A, Farooq I, Grobler SR, et al. Tooth-Bleaching: A Review of the Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Various Tooth Whitening Products. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2015 Dec;25(12):891-6. Accessed Accessed October 3, 2025

  30. Kurthy R. Why we see problems with teeth whitening: the science of whitening part III – whitening sensitivity. Dentaltown. 2013 Feb. Accessed October 3, 2025.

  31. Ribeiro JS, de Oliveira da Rosa WL, da Silva AF, Piva E, Lund RG. Efficacy of natural, peroxide-free tooth-bleaching agents: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and technological prospecting. Phytother Res. 2020 May;34(5):1060-1070. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6590. Epub 2019 Dec 16. PMID: 31845403.

  32. Silveira FM, Schuch LF, Schimidt TR, Lopes MP, Wagner VP, Só BB, Palo RM, Martins MD. Potentially carcinogenic effects of hydrogen peroxide for tooth bleaching on the oral mucosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent. 2022 Mar 10:S0022-3913(22)00083-X. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.02.001. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35282937.

  33. American Dental Association. Seal of Acceptance FAQ. Accessed October 3, 2025

  34. ADA News. ‘Glamorous’ teeth whitening product earns ADA seal. 2017 Jun 19. Accessed October 3, 2025

  35. Stübinger S, Altenried S, Ren Q. Tooth-Whitening with a Novel Phthalimido Peroxy Caproic Acid. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry. 2024 Dec 31:219-25.

  36. Qin J, Zeng L, Min W, Tan L, Lv R, Chen Y. A bio-safety tooth-whitening composite gels with novel phthalimide peroxy caproic acid. Composites Communications. 2019 Jun 1;13:107-11.

  37. Pascolutti M, de Oliveira D. A radical-free approach to teeth whitening. Dentistry journal. 2021 Dec 9;9(12):148.

  38. Anagnostaki E, Mylona V, Parker S, Cronshaw M, Grootveld M. Assessing the Viability of Laser-Activated Dental Bleaching Compared to Conventional In-Office Bleaching Methods: A Systematic Review of Clinical and In Vitro Studies. Applied Sciences. 2023 Nov 17;13(22):12459.

  39. Terra RM, Favoreto MW, Morris T, Loguercio AD, Reis A. Effect of At-Home Bleaching Agents and Concentrations on Tooth Sensitivity: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Journal of Dentistry. 2025 Jun 6:105891

  40. de Boa PW, de Sousa Santos K, de Oliveira FJ, Borges BC. Can carbamide peroxide be as effective as hydrogen peroxide for in-office tooth bleaching and cause less sensitivity? A systematic review. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics. 2024 Mar 20;49(2).

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