DentalCare Logo

Dental Health and Dementia: More than Forgetfulness

Course Number: 566

PDF

Take the Test

References / Additional Resources

  1. Dominy SS, Lynch C, Ermini F, et al. Porphryomonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors. Sci Adv. 2019 Jan 23;5(1):eaau3333. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau3333.

  2. Ilievski V, Zuchowska PK, Green SJ, et al. Chronic oral application of a periodontal pathogen results in brain inflammation, neurodegeneration, and amyloid beta production in wild type mice. PLoS One. 2018 Oct 3;13(10):e0204941. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204941.

  3. Chen, CK, Wu YT, Chang YC. Association between chronic periodontitis and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a retrospective, population-based, matched cohort study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017 Aug 8;9(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s13195-017-0282-6.

  4. Leira Y, Dominguez C, Seoane J, et al. Is periodontal disease associated with Alzheimer’s Disease? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2017;48(1-2):21-31. doi: 10.1159/000458411.

  5. Kamer AR, Dasanayake AP, Craig RG, et al. Alzheimer’s disease and peripheral infections: the possible contribution from periodontal infections, model and hypothesis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2008 May;13(4):437-49.

  6. Kamer AR, Craig RG, Dasanayake AP, et al. Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease: possible role of periodontal diseases. Alzheimers Dement. 2008 Jul;4(4):242-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.08.004.

  7. United States Census Bureau. Newsroom. “Fueled by aging baby boomers, Nation’s older population to nearly double in the next 20 years, census bureau reports.” May 6, 2014. Accessed March 26, 2019.

  8. Plassman BL, Langa KM, Fisher GG, et al. Prevalence of Dementia in the United States: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study. Neuroepidemiology. 2007;29(1-2):125-32.

  9. Slade GD, Akinkugbe AA, Sanders AE. Projections of U.S. Edentulism Following 5 Decades of Decline. J Dent Res. 2014 Oct;93(10):959-65. doi: 10.1177/0022034514546165.

  10. Zenthöfer A, Baumgart D, Cabrera T, et al. Poor dental hygiene and periodontal health in nursing home residents with dementia: an observational study. Odontology. 2017 Apr;105(2):208-213. doi: 10.1007/s10266-016-0246-5.

  11. Zimmerman S, Austin S, Cohen L, et al. Readily Identifiable Risk Factors of Nursing Home Residents' Oral Hygiene: Dementia, Hospice, and Length of Stay. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Nov;65(11):2516-2521. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15061.

  12. Jablonski RA, Kolanowski A, Therrien B, et al. Reducing care-resistant behaviors during oral hygiene in persons with dementia. BMC Oral Health. 2011 Nov 19;11:30. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-11-30.

  13. Jablonski RA, Kolanoski AM, Azuero A, et al. Randomised clinical trial: Efficacy of strategies to provide oral hygiene activities to nursing home residents with dementia who resist mouth care. Gerodontology. 2018 Dec;35(4):365-375. doi: 10.1111/ger.12357.

  14. Jablonski R, Winstead V, Azuero A, et al. Feasibility of Providing Safe Mouth Care and Collecting Oral and Fecal Microbiome Samples from Nursing Home Residents with Dementia: Proof of Concept Study. J Gerontol Nurs. 2017 Sep 1;43(9):9-15. doi: 10.3928/00989134-20170811-04.

  15. Noble JM, Scarmeas N, Papapanou PN. Poor oral health as a chronic, potentially modifiable dementia risk factor: review of the literature. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2013 Oct;13(10):384. doi: 10.1007/s11910-013-0384-x.

  16. Nilsson H, Berglund J, Renvert S. Tooth loss and cognitive functions among older adults. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014 Nov;72(8):639-44. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2014.882983.

  17. Gil-Montoya JA, Sanchez-Lara I, Carnero-Pardo C, et al. Is periodontitis a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia A case control study. J Periodontol. 2015 Feb;86(2):244-53. doi: 10.1902/jop.2014.140340.

  18. Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Curb JD, et al. Early inflammation and dementia: a 25-year follow-up of the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Ann Neurol. 2002 Aug;52(2):168-74.

  19. Englehart MJ, Gerrling HI, Meijer J, et al. Inflammatory proteins in plasma and the risk of dementia: the rotterdam study. Arch Neurol. 2004 May;61(5):668-72.

  20. Kravitz BA, Corrada MM, Kawas CH. Elevated C-reactive protein levels are associated with prevalent dementia in the oldest-old. Alzheimers Dement. 2009 Jul;5(4):318-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2009.04.

  21. Flemmig TF. Periodontitis. Ann Periodontol. 1999 Dec;4(1):32-8.

  22. Page RC, Schroeder HE. Pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease. A summary of current work.

  23. Feres M, Teles F, Teles R, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M. The subgingival periodtnal microbiota of the aging mouth. Periodontol 2000. 2016 Oct;72(1):30-53. doi: 10.1111/prd.

  24. Noble JM, Scarmeas N, Celenti RS, et al. Serum IgG antibody levels to periodontal microbiota are associated with incident Alzheimer disease. PLoS One. 2014 Dec 18;9(12):e114959. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114959.

  25. Laugisch O, Johnen A, Maldonado A, et al. Periodontal Pathogens and Associated Intrathecal Antibodies in Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;66(1):105-114. doi: 10.3233/JAD-180620.

  26. Volicer L, van der Steen JT, Frijters DH. Modifiable factors related to abusive behaviors in nursing home residents with dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2009 Nov;10(9):617-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2009.06.004.

  27. Ishii S, Streim JE, Saliba D. Potentially reversible resident factors associated with rejection of care behaviors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010 Sep;58(9):1693-700. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03020.x.

  28. Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, et al. Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. 2012 Oct;91(10):914-20.

  29. World Health Organization. Dementia: Key facts. Accessed March 26, 2019.

  30. World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision; 2016. Accessed March 26, 2019.

  31. Kalaria RN, Maestre GE, Arizaga R, et al. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Sep;7(9):812-26. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70169-8.

  32. Kalaria RN, Maestre GE, Arizaga R, et al. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Sep;7(9):812-26. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70169-8.

  33. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005 Dec 17;366(9503):2112-7.

  34. Forette F, Boller F. Hypertension and the risk of dementia in the elderly. Am J Med. 1991 Mar;90(3A):14S-19S.

  35. World Health Organization. World health report, "The world health report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Health Life". 2002. Accessed March 26, 2019.

  36. Alzheimer’s Research UK. Dementia Statistics Hub. Different types of dementia. May 7, 2018. Accessed March 26, 2019.

  37. National Institute on Aging. Dementia Care Central. Lesser Known and Rare Types of Dementia. August 22, 2018. Accessed March 26, 2019.

  38. Hughes TF, Ganguili M. Modifiable midlife risk factors for late-life cognitive impairment and dementia. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2009 May 1;5(2):73-92.

  39. Alzheimer’s Society. What is Alzheimer’s Disease? 2015. Accessed March 26, 2019.

  40. Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Haltia M, et al. Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of beta-amyloid protein. N Engl J Med. 1995 Nov 9;333(19):1242-7.

  41. Van Cauwenberghe C, Van Broeckhoven C, Sleeger K. The genetic landscape of Alzheimer disease: clinical implicatios and perspectives. Genet Med. 2016 May;18(5):421-30. doi: 10.1038/gim.2015.117.

  42. Daniilidou M, Koutroumani M, Tsolaki M. Epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(12):1751-6.

  43. Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018 Mar;14(3):133-150. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.188.

  44. Dementia Care Central. Stages of Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Durations & Scales Used to Measure Progression: GDS, FAST & CDR. September 1, 2018. Accessed March 26, 2019.

  45. Flemmig TF. Periodontitis. Ann Periodontol. 1999 Dec;4(1):32-8.

  46. Page RC, Schroeder HE. Pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease. A summary of current work. Lab Invest. 1976 Mar;34(3):235-49.

  47. Löe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, et al. Natural history of periodontal disease in man. Rapid, moderate and no loss of attachment in Sri Lankan laborers 14 to 46 years of age. J Clin Periodontol. 1986 May;13(5):431-45.

  48. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Goodson JM, Lindhe J. New concepts in destructive periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 1984 Jan;11(1):21-32.

  49. Jeffcoat MK, Reddy MS, Progression of probing attachment loss in adult periodontitis. J Periodontol. 1991 Mar;62(3):185-9.

  50. Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol. 1999 Dec;4(1):1-6.

  51. American Academy of Periodontology Task Force Report on the Update to the 1999 Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol. 2015 Jul;86(7):835-8. doi: 10.1902/jop.2015.157001.

  52. Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, Thorton-Evans GO, Genco RJ. Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. 2012 Oct;91(10):914-20.

  53. Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, et al. Update on Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: NHANES 2009 to 2012. J Periodontol. 2015 May;86(5):611-22. doi: 10.1902/jop.2015.140520.

  54. Eke PI, Thorton-Evans GO, Wei L, et al. Periodontitis in U.S. Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Study 2009-2014. J Am Dent Assoc. 2018 Jul;149(7):576-588.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2018.04.023.

  55. Eke PI, Wei L, Thornton-Evans GO, et al. Risk Indicators for Periodontitis in US Adults: NHANES 2009 to 2012. J Periodontol. 2016 Oct;87(10):1174-85. doi: 10.1902/jop.2016.160013.

  56. Hirschfeld L and Wasserman B. A long-term survey of tooth loss in 600 treated periodontal patients. J Periodontol. 1978 May;49(5):225-37.

  57. McFall W. Tooth loss in 100 treated patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 1982 Sep;53(9):539-49.

  58. Löe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, Smith M. The natural history of periodontal disease in man. The rate of periodontal destruction before 40 years of age. J Periodontol. 1978 Dec;49(12):607-20.

  59. Michalowicz BS, Aeppli DP, Kuba RK, et al. A twin study of genetic variation in proportional radiographic alveolar bone height. J Dent Res. 1991 Nov;70(11):1431-5.

  60. Michalowicz BS, Aeppli DP, Virag JG et al. Periodontal findings in adult twins. J Periodontol. 1991 May;62(5):293-9.

  61. Bergström J and Preber H. Tobacco use as a risk factor. J Periodontol. 1994 May;65 Suppl 5S:545-550. doi: 10.1902/jop.1994.65.5s.545.

  62. Hart TC, Shapira L, Van Dyke TE. Neutrophil Defects as Risk Factors for Periodontal Diseases. J Periodontol. 1994 May;65 Suppl 5S:521-529. doi: 10.1902/jop.1994.65.5s.521.

  63. Kornman KS, Crane A, Wang HY, et al. The interleukin-1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 1997 Jan;24(1):72-7.

  64. Holmer J, Eriksdotter M, Schultzberg M, et al. Association between periodontitis and risk of Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, and subjective cognitive decline: A case control study. J Clin Periodontol. 2018 Nov;45(11):1287-1298. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13016.

  65. Gusman DJR, Mello-Neto JM, Alves BES, et al. Periodontal disease severity in subjects with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2018 May - Jun;76:147-159. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2018.02.016.

  66. Maldonado A, Laugisch O, Bürgin W, et al. Clinical periodontal variables in patients with and without dementia-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2018 Sep;22(7):2463-2474. doi: 10.1007/s00784-018-2523-x.

  67. Tonsekar PP, Jiang SS, Yue G. Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and dementia. Is there a link? A systematic review. Gerodontology. 2017 Jun;34(2):151-163. doi: 10.1111/ger.12261.

  68. Miklossy J. Alzheimer’s disease – a neurospichetosis. Analysis of evidence following Koch’s and Hill’s criteria. J Neuroinflammation. 2011 Aug 4;8:90. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-90.

  69. University of Cambridge. Apollo. "Effectiveness of a 6-year multidomain vascular care intervention to prevent dementia (preDIVA): a cluster-randomised controlled trial". July 26, 2016. Accessed March 26, 2019.

  70. Rivierre GR, Riviere KH, Smith KS. Molecular and immunological evidence of oral Treponema in the human brain and their association with Alzheimer’s disease. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2002 Apr;17(2):113-8.

  71. Kamer AR, Craig RG, Pirraglia E, et al. TNF-alpha and antibodies to periodontal bacteria discriminate between Alzheimer’s disease patients and normal subjects. J Neuroimmunol. 2009 Nov 30;216(1-2):92-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.08.013.

  72. Noble JM, Borrell JN, Papapanou PN, et al. Periodontitis is associated with cognitive impairment among older adults: analysis of NHANES-III. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;80(11):1206-11. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2009.174029.

  73. Poole S, Singhrao SK, Kesavalu L, et al. Determining the presence of periodontopathic virulence factors in short-term postmortem Alzheimer's disease brain tissue. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;36(4):665-77. doi: 10.3233/JAD-121918.

  74. Kamer AR, Pirraglia E, Tsui W, et al. Periodontal disease associated with higher brain amyloid load in normal elderly. Neurobiol Aging. 2015 Feb;36(2):627-33. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.038.

  75. Singhrao SK, Chukkapalli S, Poole S, et al. Chronic *Porphyromonas gingivalis* infection accelerates the occurrence of age-related granules in ApoE-/- mice brains.

  76. Krstic D, Knuesel I. Deciphering the mechanism underlying late-onset Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013 Jan;9(1):25-34. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.236.

  77. Lim SL, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Kitazawa M. Infection, systemic inflammation, and Alzheimer’s disease. Microbes Infect. 2015 Aug;17(8):549-56. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.04.004.

  78. Venegas C, Kumar S, Franklin BS, et al. Microglia-derived ASC specks cross-seed amyloid-beta in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2017 Dec 20;552(7685):355-361. doi: 10.1038/nature25158.

  79. Kinane DF, Preshaw PM, Loos BG. Host-response: understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of host-microbial interactions--consensus of the Seventh European Workshop on Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2011 Mar;38 Suppl 11:44-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01682.x.

  80. Loos BG. Systeic markers of inflammation in periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2005 Nov;76(11 Suppl):2106-15. doi: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.11-S.2106

  81. Noack B, Genco RJ, Tevisan M, et al. Periodontal infections contribute to elevated systemic C-reactive protein level. J Periodontol. 2001 Sep;72(9):1221-7. doi: 10.1902/jop.2000.72.9.1221.

  82. Loos BG, Craandiij J, Hoek FJ, et al. Elevation of systemic markers related to cardiovascular diseases in the peripheral blood of periodontitis patients. J Periodontol. 2000 Oct;71(10):1528-34. doi: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.10.1528

  83. Olsen I, Singhrao SK. Can oral infection be a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease? J Oral Microbiol. 2015 Sep 17;7:29143. doi: 10.3402/jom.v7.29143.

  84. Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the "red complex", a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2005;38:72-122. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2005.00113.x

  85. Guo Y, Nguyen KA, Potempa J. Dichotomy of gingipains action as virulence factors: from cleaving substrates with the precision of a surgeon's knife to a meat chopper-like brutal degradation of proteins. Periodontol 2000. 2010 Oct;54(1):15-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00377.x.

  86. Martins MS, Jiao Y, Larsson L, et al. Epigenetic Modifications of Histones in Periodontal Disease. J Dent Res. 2016 Feb;95(2):215-22. doi: 10.1177/0022034515611876.

  87. Kang MK, Mehrazarin S, Park NH, et al. Epigenetic gene regulation by histone demethylases: emerging role in oncogenesis and inflammation. Oral Dis. 2017 Sep;23(6):709-720. doi: 10.1111/odi.12569.

  88. Paganini-Hill A, White SC, Atchison KA. Dentition, dental health habits, and dementia: the Leisure World Cohort Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Aug;60(8):1556-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04064.x.

  89. Kato T, Yamazaki K, Nakajima M, et al. Oral Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis Alters the Gut Microbiome and Serum Metabolome. mSphere. 2018 Oct 17;3(5). pii: e00460-18. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00460-18.

  90. Rozas NS, Sadowsky JM, Jeter CB. Strategies to improve dental health in elderly patients with cognitive impairment: A systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc. 2017 Apr;148(4):236-245.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2016.12.022.

  91. Ellefsen B, Holm-Pedersen P, Morse DE, et al. Assessing caries increments in elderly patients with and without dementia: a one-year follow-up study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009 Nov;140(11):1392-400.

  92. Harding A, Robinson S, Crean S, et al. Can Better Management of Periodontal Disease Delay the Onset and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58(2):337-348. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170046.

  93. Hajishengallis G, Darveau RP, Curtis MA. The keystone-pathogen hypothesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012 Oct;10(10):717-25. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2873.

  94. Hajishengallis G, Lamont RJ. Beyond the red complex and into more complexity: the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis (PSD) model of periodontal disease etiology. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2012 Dec;27(6):409-19. doi: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2012.00663.x.

  95. Delwel S, Binnekade TT, Perez RSGM, et al. Oral hygiene and oral health in older people with dementia: a comprehensive review with focus on oral soft tissues. Clin Oral Investig. 2018 Jan;22(1):93-108. doi: 10.1007/s00784-017-2264-2.

  96. Zenthöfer A, Meyer-Kühling I, Hufeland AL, et al. Carers' education improves oral health of older people suffering from dementia - results of an intervention study. Clin Interv Aging. 2016 Nov 30;11:1755-1762. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S118330.

  97. Gonsalves WC, Wrightson AS, Henry RG. Common oral conditions in older persons. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Oct 1;78(7):845-52.

  98. Petersen PE, Yamamoto T. Improving the oral health of older people: the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005 Apr;33(2):81-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00219.x

  99. Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century--the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003 Dec;31 Suppl 1:3-23.

  100. Thomson WM. Dental caries experience in older people over time: what can the large cohort studies tell us? Br Dent J. 2004 Jan 24;196(2):89-92; discussion 87. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4810900

  101. Boehm TK, Scannapieco FA. The epidemiology, consequences, and management of periodontal disease in older adults. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007 Sep;138 Suppl:26S-33S.

  102. Affoo RH, Foley N, Garrick R et al. Meta-Analysis of Salivary Flow Rates in Young and Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Oct;63(10):2142-51. doi: 10.1111/jgs.13652.

  103. Morely JE. Dysphagia and Aspiration. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Aug 1;16(8):631-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2015.05.022.

  104. Ortega O, Parra C, Zarcero S, et al. Oral health in older patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. Age Ageing. 2014 Jan;43(1):132-7. doi: 10.1093/ageing/aft164.

  105. Eisenstadt ES. Dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia in older adults. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2010 Jan;22(1):17-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00470.x.

  106. Maeda K, Akagi J. Oral care may reduce pneumonia in the tube-fed elderly: a preliminary study. Dysphagia. 2014 Oct;29(5):616-21. doi: 10.1007/s00455-014-9553-6.

  107. Booker S, Murff S, Kitko L, et al. Mouth care to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Nurs. 2013 Oct;113(10):24-30; quiz 31. doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000435343.38287.3a.

  108. Jones AL, Dwyer LL, Bercovitz AR, et al. The National Nursing Home Survey: 2004 overview. Vital Health Stat 13. 2009 Jun;(167):1-155.

  109. Mahoney EK, Hurley AC, Volicer L, et al. Development and testing of the Resistiveness to Care Scale. Res Nurs Health. 1999 Feb;22(1):27-38.

  110. Kambhu PP, Levy SM. Oral hygiene care levels in Iowa intermediate care facilities. Spec Care Dentist. 1993 Sep-Oct;13(5):209-14.

  111. Adams R. Qualified nurses lack adequate knowledge related to oral health, resulting in inadequate oral care of patients on medical wards. J Adv Nurs. 1996 Sep;24(3):552-60.

  112. Pule MA, Jasinevicius TR, Sawyer DR, et al. Nursing home executive directors' perception of oral care in long-term care facilities. Spec Care Dentist. 2005 Mar-Apr;25(2):111-7.

  113. Norton MJ, Allen RS, Snow AL, et al. Predictors of need-driven behaviors in nursing home residents with dementia and associated certified nursing assistant burden. Aging Ment Health. 2010 Apr;14(3):303-9. doi: 10.1080/13607860903167879.

  114. Kolanowski AM, Whall AL. Toward holistic theory-based intervention for dementia behavior. Holist Nurs Pract. 2000 Jan;14(2):67-76.

  115. Whall A. Developing needed interventions from the need-driven dementia-compromised behavior model. J Gerontol Nurs. 2002 Oct;28(10):5.

  116. Frenkel HF. Behind the scenes: care staff observations on the delivery of oral health care in nursing homes. Gerodontology. 1999 Dec;16(2):75-80.

  117. Chalmers J Pearson A. Oral hygiene care for residents with dementia: a literature review. J Adv Nurs. 2005 Nov;52(4):410-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03605.x

  118. American Dental Association. Oral Health Topics: Dentures. August 30, 2016. Accessed March 27, 2019.

  119. American Dental Association. Mouth Healthy. Healthy Habits. Accessed March 27, 2019.

  120. Mahoney EK, Hurley AC, Volicer L, et al. Development and testing of the Resistiveness to Care Scale. Res Nurs Health. 1999 Feb;22(1):27-38.

  121. Jablonski RA1, Therrien B, Mahoney EK, et al. An intervention to reduce care-resistant behavior in persons with dementia during oral hygiene: a pilot study. Spec Care Dentist. 2011 May-Jun;31(3):77-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1754-4505.2011.00190.x.

  122. Chalmers JM. Behavior management and communication strategies for dental professionals when caring for patients with dementia. Spec Care Dentist. 2000 Jul-Aug;20(4):147-54.

  123. López R, Smith PC, Göstemeyer G, et al. Ageing, dental caries and periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2017 Mar;44 Suppl 18:S145-S152. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12683.

  124. Kassebaum NJ, Bernabé E, Dahiya M, et al. Global burden of untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression. J Dent Res. 2015 May;94(5):650-8. doi: 10.1177/0022034515573272.

  125. Mei ML, Lo EC, Chu CH. Clinical Use of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Dental Treatment. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2016 Feb;37(2):93-8; quiz100.

  126. Horst JA, Ellenikiotis H, Milgrom PL. UCSF Protocol for Caries Arrest Using Silver Diamine Fluoride: Rationale, Indications and Consent. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2016 Jan;44(1):16-28.

  127. Zhao IS, Gao SS, Hiraishi N. Mechanisms of silver diamine fluoride on arresting caries: a literature review. Int Dent J. 2018 Apr;68(2):67-76. doi: 10.1111/idj.12320.

  128. Oliveira BH, Cunha-Cruz J, Rajendra A, et al. Controlling caries in exposed root surfaces with silver diamine fluoride. J Am Dent Assoc. 2018 Aug;149(8):671-679.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2018.03.028.

  129. Fiske J, Frenkel H, Griffiths J et al. Oral health of people with dementia. Gerodontology. 2006 Dec;23 Suppl 1:5-32.

  130. Hoben M, Kent A, Kobagi N, et al. Effective strategies to motivate nursing home residents in oral care and to prevent or reduce responsive behaviors to oral care: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2017 Jun 13;12(6):e0178913. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178913.

  131. Chalmers J, Pearson A. Oral hygiene care for residents with dementia: a literature review. J Adv Nurs. 2005 Nov;52(4):410-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03605.x.

  132. American Academy of Periodontology. CDC: Half of American Adults have Periodontal Disease. September 4, 2012. Accessed March 27, 2019.

Additional Resources


No Additional Resources Available

0/15Next