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Hand Hygiene

Course Number: 590

References / Additional Resources

  1. Fierer N, Hamady M, Lauber CL, et al. The influence of sex, handedness, and washing on the diversity of hand surface bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 18;105(46):17994-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0807920105. Epub 2008 Nov 12.

  2. CDC. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002 Oct 25;51(RR-16):1-45. Accessed September 6, 2025.

  3. CDC. Guidelines for infection control in dental health-care settings - 2003. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003 Dec 19;52(No.RR-17):1-76. Accessed September 6, 2025.

  4. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 29 CFR Part 1910.1030. Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens; needlesticks and other sharps injuries; final rule. Federal Register 2001;66:5317-5325. As amended from and includes 29 CRF Part 1910.1030. Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens; final rule Federal Register 1991;56:64174-64182. Accessed September 6, 2025.

  5. Thompson ND, Perz JF, Moorman AC, et al. Nonhospital health care-associated hepatitis B and C virus transmission: United States, 1998-2008. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Jan 6;150(1):33-9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-150-1-200901060-00007.

  6. Gammon J, Hunt J. The neglected element of hand hygiene - significance of hand drying, efficiency of different methods and clinical implication: A review. J Infect Prev. 2019 Mar;20(2):66-74. doi: 10.1177/1757177418815549. Epub 2018 Dec 5. PMID: 30944590; PMCID: PMC6437338

  7. Tenorio AR, Badri SM, Sahgal NB, et al. Effectiveness of gloves in the prevention of hand carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus species by health care workers after patient care. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Mar 1;32(5):826-9. Epub 2001 Feb 23. doi: 10.1086/319214.

  8. Reingold AL, Kane MA, Hightower AW. Failure of gloves and other protective devices to prevent transmission of hepatitis B virus to oral surgeons. JAMA. 1988 May 6;259(17):2558-2560.

  9. CDC. Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care. Atlanta, GA. October 2016. Accessed September 9, 2025.

  10. FDA. Topical antimicrobial drug products for over-the-counter human use; tentative final monograph for health-care antiseptic drug products. Federal Register 1994;59:31402-31452. Accessed September 9, 2025.

  11. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care (advanced draft): a summary. 2005 Oct. Accessed September 6, 2025.

  12. Sartor C, Jacomo V, Duvivier C, et al. Nosocomial Serratia marcescens infections associated with extrinsic contamination of a liquid nonmedicated soap. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000 Mar;21(3):196-9. doi: 10.1086/501743.

  13. Anderson RL. Iodophor antiseptics: intrinsic microbial contamination with resistant bacteria. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1989 Oct;10(10):443-6. doi: 10.1086/645918.

  14. Rotter ML, Simpson RA, Koller W. Surgical hand disinfection with alcohols at various concentrations: parallel experiments using the new proposed European standards method. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998 Oct;19(10):778-81. doi: 10.1086/647723.

  15. Larson EL, Morton HE. Alcohols - Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, 4th ed. Seymour Stanton Block (Ed). Philadelphia, PA. Lea and Febiger. 1991:642-54.

  16. Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Yang PC, et al. Nosocomial pseudoepidemic caused by Bacillus cereus traced to contaminated ethyl alcohol from a liquor factory. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Jul;37(7):2280-4.

  17. Widmer AF. Replace hand washing with use of a waterless alcohol hand rub? Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Jul;31(1):136-43. Epub 2000 Jul 26. doi: 10.1086/313888.

  18. Huber MA, Holton RH, Terezhalmy GT. Cost analysis of hand hygiene using antimicrobial soap and water versus an alcohol-based hand rub. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2006 May 1;7(2):37-45.

  19. Wilhelm KP. Prevention of surfactant-induced irritant contact dermatitis. Curr Probl Dermatol. 1996;25:78-85.

  20. Rastogi SC, Heydorn S, Johansen JD, et al. Fragrance chemicals in domestic and occupational products. Contact Dermatitis. 2001 Oct;45(4):221-5. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.450406.x.

  21. Schnuch A, Uter W, Geier J, et al. Contact allergies in healthcare workers. Results from the IVDK. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998 Sep;78(5):358-63.

  22. Ophaswongse S, Maibach HI. Alcohol dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria syndrome. A review. Contact Dermatitis. 1994 Jan;30(1):1-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1994.tb00719.x.

  23. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. How-to guide: improving hand hygiene. A guide for improving practices among health care workers. 2006 Apr. Accessed September 9, 2025.

Additional Resources


No Additional Resources Available