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Recognizing a Human Trafficking Victim or a Perpetrator

Course Number: 600

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References / Additional Resources

  1. U&T Visa Certifications. NYC Human Rights. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  2. Differences Between T and U Visas. For victims of human trafficking, two different visa options are available. Nolo. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  3. National Human Trafficking Hotline. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  4. Warning Signs of Human Trafficking. NV.gov. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  5. deliverfund.org

  6. Sharetogethernow.org

  7. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Blue Campaign. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  8. Office of the Santa Barbara County District Attorney. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  9. Covenant House. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  10. Reclaim611. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  11. Adult Human Trafficking Screening Tool and Guide, January 2018. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  12. Publications. South Carolina School of Law. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  13. The Child Welfare Information Gateway lets you search State Guides and Manuals. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  14. Chisolm-Straker M, Richardson LD, Cossio T. Combating slavery in the 21st century: the role of emergency medicine. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2012 Aug;23(3):980-7. doi: 10.1353/hpu.2012.0091.

  15. Donahue S, Schwien M, LaVallee D. Educating Emergency Department Staff on the Identification and Treatment of Human Trafficking Victims. J Emerg Nurs. 2019 Jan;45(1):16-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2018.03.021. Epub 2018 May 17.

  16. Goldsamt LA, Clatts MC, Yu G, Le B, Colby DJ. Human Trafficking and Emerging Sex Risk Environments in Vietnam: A Preliminary Profile of a Sex Work "Shared House". J Hum Traffick. 2017;3(2):107-115. doi: 10.1080/23322705.2016.1193343. Epub 2016 Oct 8.

  17. Gyawali B, Keeling J, Kallestrup P. Human Trafficking in Nepal: Post-Earthquake Risk and Response. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2017 Apr;11(2):153-154. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2016.121. Epub 2016 Sep 15.

  18. U.S. Department of Transportation. Human Trafficking. Updated April 2, 2021. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  19. Hachey LM, Phillippi JC. Identification and Management of Human Trafficking Victims in the Emergency Department. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2017 Jan/Mar;39(1):31-51. doi: 10.1097/TME.0000000000000138.

  20. Karan A, Hansen N. Does the Stockholm Syndrome affect female sex workers? The case for a "Sonagachi Syndrome". BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2018 Feb 6;18(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s12914-018-0148-4.

  21. Lederer LJ, Wetzel CA. The health consequences of sex trafficking and their implications for identifying victims in healthcare facilities. Ann Health Law. 2014;23(1):61-91. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  22. Long E, Dowdell EB. Nurses' Perceptions of Victims of Human Trafficking in an Urban Emergency Department: A Qualitative Study. J Emerg Nurs. 2018 Jul;44(4):375-383. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2017.11.004. Epub 2017 Dec 16.

  23. Lutz RM. Human trafficking education for nurse practitioners: Integration into standard curriculum. Nurse Educ Today. 2018 Feb;61:66-69. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2017.11.015. Epub 2017 Nov 16.

  24. Thompson CD, Mahay A, Stuckler D, et al. Do clinicians receive adequate training to identify trafficked persons? A scoping review of NHS Foundation Trusts. JRSM Open. 2017 Sep 5;8(9):2054270417720408. doi: 10.1177/2054270417720408. eCollection 2017 Sep.

  25. National Human Trafficking Hotline. What is Human Trafficking? Accessed May 7, 2024.

  26. National Human Trafficking Resource Hotline. 2015 NHTRC Annual Report. Published February 2016. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  27. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Child Welfare Information Gateway. State Statutes Search. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  28. O'Callaghan MG. Human trafficking and the dental professional. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012 May;143(5):498-504. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2012.0211.

  29. Rothman EF, Stoklosa H, Baldwin SB, et al. Public Health Research Priorities to Address US Human Trafficking. Am J Public Health. 2017 Jul;107(7):1045-1047. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.303858.

  30. National Human Trafficking Hotline. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  31. Toney-Butler TJ, Mittel O. Human Trafficking. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 May 14.

  32. U.S Department of Health and Human Trafficking: Look Beneath the Surface Campaign. LBS Brochure: Health Care Providers. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  33. Schilling Wolfe D. Recognizing and Reporting Child Maltreatment: Child Abuse, Neglect, and Sex trafficking of Minors. ADA CE Online. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  34. Watkins K. Enlisting charitable dentistry in the battle against human trafficking. J Okla Dent Assoc. 2014 Sep;105(6):20-1.

  35. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Human Trafficking. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  36. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Interview with Shaun Driscoll. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  37. Child Welfare Information Gateway.(2019) About CAPTA: A legislative history. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Children’s Bureau. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  38. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Blue Campaign. What is Human Trafficking? dhs.gov. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  39. Peck JL, Meadows-Oliver M. Human Trafficking of Children: Nurse Practitioner Knowledge, Beliefs, and Experience Supporting the Development of a Practice Guideline: Part One. J Pediatr Health Care. 2019 Sep - Oct;33(5):603-611. doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2019.05.006. Epub 2019 Jul 3.

  40. Syme SL, Camardese S, Mehlman-Orozco K. Identifying victims of human trafficking. Dimensions of Dental Hygiene. 2017 Aug 15(8):47-50. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  41. Fisher-Owens SA, Lukefahr JL, Tate AR. Oral and Dental Aspects of Child Abuse and Neglect. Pediatr Dent. 2017 Jul 15;39(4):278-283.

  42. Human Trafficking Healthcare Reclaim 611. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  43. American Dental Association. The ADA Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  44. Kristof ND, Wudunn S. Half the sky : turning oppression into opportunity for women worldwide. Three Rivers Press, 2010.

  45. South Carolina Human Trafficking Task Force. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  46. Mandated Reporter Quick Reference Guide. Children’s Law Center. University of South Carolina School of Law. 2018 Jun. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  47. Protected Innocence Challenge: Toolkit 2018. Shared Hope International. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  48. Egyud A, Stephens K, Swanson-Bierman B, et al. Implementation of Human Trafficking Education and Treatment Algorithm in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Nurs. 2017 Nov;43(6):526-531. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2017.01.008. Epub 2017 Apr 18.

  49. Stelter L. Know the Language of Human Trafficking: A Glossary of Sex Trafficking Terms. In Public Safety. American. American Military University.

  50. Prevent Abuse and Neglect through Dental Awareness. Delta Dental of Arkansas.

  51. Dreier H. Alone and exploited, migrant children work brutal job s across the U.S. The New York Times. February 25th, 2023.

  52. Polaris Project: Human Trafficking Statistics. Accessed May 7, 2024.

  53. Polaris victims during covid-19 pandemic.

  54. Human Trafficking Hotline Statistics 2021.

Additional Resources


Many statistics, relevant information and received reports come through the National Human Trafficking Hotline and Polaris Be Free Textline.12 The organization is partially funded by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and operated by Polaris, a non-profit agency. Hotline (1-888-373-7888). HHS reports that 240,000 to 325,000 children are at risk for sexual exploitation. According to the Reclaim 611 organization, founded in 2017 as a non-profit site to assist in ending human trafficking, there are 5,534 hospitals in the United States and less than 5% are trained to recognize human trafficking victims.30,31


  • U&T Visa Certifications. NYC Human Rights. Accessed April 29, 2021.
  • Differences Between T and U Visas. For victims of human trafficking, two different visa options are available. Nolo. Accessed April 29, 2021.
  • National Human Trafficking Hotline. Accessed April 29, 2021.
  • Warning Signs of Human Trafficking. NV.gov. Accessed April 29, 2021.
  • deliverfund.org
  • Sharetogethernow.org
  • U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Blue Campaign. Accessed April 29, 2021.
  • Office of the Santa Barbara County District Attorney. Accessed April 29, 2021.
  • Covenant House. Accessed April 29, 2021.
  • Reclaim611. Accessed April 29, 2021.
  • Adult Human Trafficking Screening Tool and Guide, January 2018. Accessed April 29, 2021.
  • Publications. South Carolina School of Law. Accessed April 29, 2021.
  • The Child Welfare Information Gateway lets you search State Guides and Manuals. Accessed April 29, 2021.
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