DentalCare Logo

The Oral Microbiome: A New View of Plaque Biofilm

Course Number: 676

References / Additional Resources

  1. The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature June 2012 486(7402):207-214.2.

  2. Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD)

  3. Deo PN, Deshmukh R. Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019;23:122-8.

  4. Van Dyke T, Bartold PM, Reynolds EC. The nexus between periodontal inflammation and dysbiosis. Frontiers in Immunology 2020;11:511.

  5. Bartold PM, Van Dyke TE. An appraisal of the role of specific bacteria in the initial pathogenesis of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2019 Jan;46(1):6-11. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13046.

  6. Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Budnell et al. Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S162-S170)

  7. Slavkin HC. Biofilms, microbial ecology and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. J Am Dent Assoc. 1997;128(4):492–495. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1997.0238.

  8. Marsh PD, Bradshaw DJ. Dental plaque as a biofilm. J Ind Microbiol. 1995;15(3):169–175. doi:10.1007/bf01569822.

  9. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, DeBeer D, et al. Biofilms, the customized microniche. J Bacteriol 1994;176(8):2137–2142. doi:10.1128/jb.176.8.2137-2142.1994.

  10. Ursell LK, Metcalf JL, Parfrey LW, Knight R. defining the human microbiome. Nutr Rev 2012; 70(suppl 10:S38-S44.

  11. Symbiont. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

  12. Chandra H, Sharma KK, Tuovinen OH, Sun X, Shukla P. Pathobionts: mechanisms of survival, expansion, and interaction with host with a focus on Clostridioides difficile. Gut Microbes 2021;13(1):1979882.

  13. Khan R, Petersen FC, Shekhar S. Commensal Bacteria: An emerging player in defense against respiratory pathogens. Front Immunol 2019;10:1203.

  14. Sedghi L, DiMassa, Harrington A, Lynch SV, Kapila YL. The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease. Periodontology 2000. 2021;87:107-131.

  15. Cobb CM, Kelly PJ, Williams KB, Babbar S, Angolkar M, Derman RJ. The oral microbiome and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Int J Womens Health. 2017 Aug 8;9:551-559. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S142730.

  16. NIH. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Dental Caries (Tooth Decay) in Adults (Age 20 to 64). July 2018. Accessed March 2, 2023.

  17. Eke PI, Thornton-Evans GO, Wei L, Borgnakke WS, Dye BA, Genco RJ. Periodontitis in US Adults National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2014.JADA 2018:149(7):576-588.

  18. Lane N. The unseen world: reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) ‘Concerning little animals’. Phil. Trans. R. Soc B 2015; 370:20140344.

  19. DuPont GA. Understanding dental plaque; biofilm dynamics. J Vet Dent. 1997;14(3):91–94.

  20. Shearer BG. Biofilm and the dental office [published correction appears in J Am Dent Assoc 1996 Apr;127(4):436]. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127(2):181–189. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1996.0166.

  21. Marsh PD. Dental plaque: biological significance of a biofilm and community life-style. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32 Suppl 6:7–15. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00790.x.

  22. Marsh PD, Bradshaw DJ. Physiological approaches to the control of oral biofilms. Adv Dent Res. 1997;11(1):176–185. doi:10.1177/08959374970110010901.

  23. Armitage GC. Basic features of biofilms--why are they difficult therapeutic targets? Ann R Australas Coll Dent Surg. 2004;17:30–34.

  24. Eren AM, Borisy GG, Huse SM, Welch JLM. Oligotyping analysis of the human oral microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Asci USA 2014;111(28):E2875-E2884. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409644111.

  25. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Evidence of bacterial etiology: a historical perspective. Periodontol 2000. 1994;5:7–25. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1994.tb00016.x.

  26. Willmann DE, Chaves ES. The role of dental plaque in the etiology and progress of inflammatory periodontal disease, 5th ed. Primary preventive dentistry. Harris NO, Garcia-Godoy F. Stamford, CO. Appleton & Lange; 1999:63-76.

  27. Keyes PH, Jordan HV. Periodontal lesions in the Syrian hamster. III. Findings related to an infectious and transmissible component. Arch Oral Biol. 1964;9:377–400. doi:10.1016/0003-9969(64)90024-x.

  28. Rosier BT, De Jager M, Zaura E, Krom BP. Historical and contemporary hypotheses on the development of oral diseases: are we there yet? Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2014;4(92)

  29. Chen H, Peng S, Dai L, Zou Q Yi B, Yang X, Ma Z. Oral microbial community assembly under the influence of periodontitis. PLoS ONE 2017;12(8):e0182259.

  30. Hajishengallis G, Darveau RP, Curtis MA. The keystone pathogen hypothesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012;10(10):717-725.

  31. Papapanou PN, Engebretson SP, Lamster IB. Current and future approaches for diagnosis of periodontal diseases. N Y State Dent J. 1999;65(4):32–37.

  32. Slots J; Research, Science and Therapy Committee. Systemic antibiotics in periodontics. J Periodontol. 2004;75(11):1553–1565. doi:10.1902/jop.2004.75.11.1553.

  33. Socransky SS. Haffajee AD. Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent Jr. RL: Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol 1998; 25: 134-144.

  34. Fanas SA, Brigi C, Varma SR, Desai V, Senok A, D’souza. The prevalence of novel periodontal pathogens and bacterial complexes in Stage II generalized periodontitis based on 16S rRNA next generation sequencing. J Appl Oral Sci. 2021;29:e20200787.

  35. Aruni AW, Mishra A, Dou Y, Chioma O, Hamilton BN, Fletcher HM. Filifactor alocis – a new emerging periodontal pathogen. Microbes Infect. 2015;17(7):517-530.

  36. Greenstein G, Polson A. The role of local drug delivery in the management of periodontal diseases: a comprehensive review. JPeriodontol. 1998;69(5):507–520. doi:10.1902/jop.1998.69.5.507.

  37. Marsh PD, Head DA, Devine DA. Ecological approaches to oral biofilms: control without killing. Caries Res. 2015;49 Suppl 1:46–54. doi:10.1159/000377732.

  38. Freire MO, van Dyke TE. Natural resolution of inflammation. Periodontol 2000 2013;63:149-164.

  39. Riccia DD, Bizzini F, Perilli M et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus brevis (CD2) on periodontal disease. Oral Dis. 2007;13(4):376-385.

Additional Resources


  • No Additional Resources Available