Maternal Nutrition

The embryo is entirely dependent on maternal nutrient supply, especially during the critical first trimester. Deficiencies can directly alter gene expression and the embryological process.

The key nutrient, folate (B9) contains the strongest evidence required for DNA synthesis, facial prominence fusion and palate formation. Formation of the lip and palate requires rapid proliferation of embryonic cells, without folate, cell division can be disrupted with incomplete fusion of facial structure, resulting in cleft lip/palate. Since this occurs early in gestation, adequate folate is critical before concept and early pregnancy. It is a well-established nutrient for preventing craniofacial abnormalities.⁴

Other vitamins such as B12 and vitamin D, minerals such as zinc and iron, antioxidants, such as C, E, and B-carotene, protein and macronutrients influence facial morphology and bone development which is highly nutrition sensitive early in pregnancy.⁴ Nutrient dense foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts and seed, along with lean protein provide the best sources. See the table below for nutrient values and key outcomes.