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Caries Process, Prevention and Management: Risk Assessment

Course Number: 719

References / Additional Resources

  1. Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, et al. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17030. Published 2017 May 25. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.30

  2. Featherstone JDB, Crystal YO, Alston P, et al. Evidence-Based Caries Management for All Ages-Practical Guidelines. Front Oral Health. 2021;2:657518. Published 2021 Apr 27. doi:10.3389/froh.2021.657518.

  3. Peres MA, Macpherson LMD, Weyant RJ, et al. Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. Lancet. 2019;394(10194):249–260.

  4. Young DA, Featherstone JD, Roth JR, et al. Caries management by risk assessment: implementation guidelines. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2007;35(11):799-805.

  5. Slayton RL, Urquhart O, Araujo MWB, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline on nonrestorative treatments for carious lesions: A report from the American Dental Association. J Am Dent Assoc. 2018;149(10):837-849.e19. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2018.07.002

  6. Ng TC, Luo BW, Lam WY, Baysan A, Chu CH, Yu OY. Updates on Caries Risk Assessment-A Literature Review. Dent J (Basel). 2024 Sep 29;12(10):312. doi: 10.3390/dj12100312. PMID: 39452440; PMCID: PMC11506515.

  7. Villa A, Connell CL, Abati S. (2015). Diagnosis and management of xerostomia and hyposalivation. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 11:45–51.

  8. Tanasiewicz M, Hildebrandt T, Obersztyn I. (2016). Xerostomia of Various Etiologies: A Review of the Literature. Adv Clin Exp Med, 25(1):199–206.

  9. Ship JA, Pillemer SR, Baum BJ. (2007). Xerostomia and the geriatric patient. J Am Geriatr Soc, 50(3):535–543.

  10. Navazesh M, Kumar SKS. (2008). Measuring salivary flow: challenges and opportunities. J Am Dent Assoc, 139:35S–40S.

  11. Jensen SB et al. (2010). A systematic review of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies: management strategies and economic impact. Support Care Cancer, 18(8):1061–1079.

  12. Zunt SL. Xerostomia/Salivary Gland Hypofunction: Diagnosis and Management. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2018;39(6):365-371.

  13. Turner MD, Ship JA. Dry mouth and its effects on the oral health of elderly people [published correction appears in J Am Dent Assoc. 2008 Mar;139(3):252-3]. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007;138 Suppl:15S-20S. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0358

  14. Sreebny LM, Schwartz SS. A reference guide to drugs and dry mouth—2nd edition. Gerodontology. 1997;14(1):33–47.

  15. Khamdi S, Matangkasombut O, Lam-Ubol A. Non-pharmacologic interventions for management of radiation-induced dry mouth: A systematic review. Oral Dis. 2024;30(5):2876-2893. doi:10.1111/odi.14804.

  16. Mejàre I, Axelsson S, Dahlen G, et al. Caries risk assessment: A systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014;72(2):81–91.

  17. Powell LV. Caries risk assessment: Relevance to the practitioner. J Am Dent Assoc. 1998;129(3):349–353.

  18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Community Water Fluoridation. 2022. Accessed June 1st, 2025

  19. Touger-Decker R, van Loveren C. Sugars and dental caries. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(4):881S–892S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.4.881S

  20. Moynihan P, Kelly S. Effect on caries of restricting sugars intake: Systematic review to inform WHO guidelines. J Dent Res. 2014;93(1):8–18. doi:10.1177/0022034513508954

  21. Fontana M, Gonzalez-Cabezas C, Tenuta LMA. Evidence-based approaches and considerations for nonrestorative treatments within modern caries management: Integrating science into practice. J Am Dent Assoc. 2024;155(12):1000-1011. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2024.09.007

  22. Fisher-Owens SA, Gansky SA, Platt LJ, et al. Influences on children's oral health: a conceptual model. Pediatrics. 2007;120(3):e510-e520. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3084.

  23. Edelstein BL. (2010). The dental caries pandemic and disparities problem. BMC Oral Health, 6(Suppl 1):S2.

  24. Dye BA, Thornton-Evans G, Li X, Iafolla TJ. Dental caries and sealant prevalence in children and adolescents in the United States, 2011-2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;(191):1-8.

  25. Featherstone JD, Domejean-Orliaguet S, Jenson L, Wolff M, Young DA. Caries risk assessment in practice for age 6 through adult. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2007;35(10):703-713.

  26. Wright JT, Tampi MP, Graham L, et al. Sealants for preventing and arresting pit-and-fissure occlusal caries in primary and permanent molars: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials-a report of the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry [published correction appears in J Am Dent Assoc. 2017 Apr;148(4):210. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2017.02.003.]. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(8):631-645.e18. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2016.06.003.

  27. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. (2003). Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (1):CD002278.

  28. Marinho VC, Chong LY, Worthington HV, Walsh T. (2016). Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7:CD002284.

  29. Marinho VC, Worthington HV, Walsh T, Clarkson JE. (2013). Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7:CD002279.

  30. Fontana M, Zero DT. (2006). Assessing patients’ caries risk. J Am Dent Assoc, 137(9):1231–1239.

  31. Featherstone JD, Doméjean S. Minimal intervention dentistry: part 1. From 'compulsive' restorative dentistry to rational therapeutic strategies. Br Dent J. 2012;213(9):441-445. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.1007

  32. Cunha-Cruz J, Ko LK, Mancl L, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of home delivery of water for dental caries control in Latinx children-"Sediento por una Sonrisa," Thirsty for a Smile: Single-arm feasibility study. Front Public Health. 2022;10:916260. Published 2022 Sep 20. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.916260

  33. Delaney C, Warren J, Rysavy OA, Marshall T. Dietary questions in caries risk assessment and their relationship to caries. J Public Health Dent. 2025;85(2):197-202. doi:10.1111/jphd.12647.

  34. Scott H, Cope AL, Wood F, et al. A qualitative exploration of decisions about dental recall intervals - Part 1: attitudes of NHS general dental practitioners to NICE guideline CG19 on the interval between oral health reviews. Br Dent J. 2022;232(5):327-331. doi:10.1038/s41415-022-3998-z.

  35. Taqi M, Razak IA, Ab-Murat N, Zaidi SJA. Establishing risk-based recall interval for caries management among 11-12-year-old Pakistani children. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):349. Published 2022 Aug 13. doi:10.1186/s12903-022-02383-z

  36. Morgan TD, Horst JA. (2021). Evidence-based caries management for all ages. Frontiers in Oral Health, 2:657518.

  37. Swathi D, Sailo JL, Ausare SS, et al. Management Strategies for Xerostomia in Patients with Sjögren's Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2025;17(Suppl 1):S74-S76. doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1451_24.

  38. Aurlene N, Ravichandran S, Bish M, Tadakamadla SK. Oral Health Promotion Interventions in Residential Aged Care Facilities - A Systematic Review of Behaviour Change Techniques Used in Interventions. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. Published online May 5, 2025. doi:10.1111/cdoe.13042.

Additional Resources


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