DentalCare Logo

Aging, Systemic Disease and Oral Health: Implications for Women Worldwide (Part II)

Course Number: 330

References / Additional Resources

  1. Facts for Features: Older Americans Month: May 2017. United States Census Bureau. Accessed April 12, 2023.

  2. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/united-states-adult-population-grew-faster-than-nations-total-population-from-2010-to-2020.html. Accessed April 12, 2023.

  3. WHO. Women, Ageing and Health: A Framework for Action: Focus on Gender. 2207. Accessed April 12, 2023.

  4. World health statistics 2022: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Accessed April 12, 2023.

  5. https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/life-expectancy/. Accessed April 12, 2023.

  6. WHO report shows that women outlive men worldwide BMJ 2019; 365 doi:

  7. Ahmad FB, Cisewski JA, Xu J, Anderson RN. Provisional Mortality Data — United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:488–492. DOI: Accessed May 4, 2023.

  8. Buttorff C, Ruder T, Bauman M. Multiple Chronic Conditions in the United States. RAND Corporation. Santa Monica, CA. 2017.

  9. Protect the promise: 2022 progress report on the Every Woman Every Child Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health (2016–2030). Geneva: World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2022. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.)

  10. World Heart Federation. Women and CVD - Facts and tips. Accessed April 12, 2023.

  11. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update. Fact Sheets. Females & Cardiovascular Diseases. Accessed April 12, 2023.

  12. American Heart Association (AHA). Heart Disease and Women. Facts About Heart Disease in Women. Accessed April 12, 2023.

  13. The Internet Stroke Center. Stroke Statistics. AccessedApril 12, 2023.

  14. American Stroke Association. Stroke Risk Factors. Women Have a Higher Risk of Stroke. Accessed April 13, 2023.

  15. https://www.goredforwomen.org/-/media/GRFW-Files/Know-Your-Risk/Stroke_Risk_in_Women_English_Infographic.pdf

  16. Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation, Vol. 145 No 8, e153–e639. Accessed April 13, 2023.

  17. WSO Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022.https://www.world-stroke.org/news-and-blog/news/wso-global-stroke-fact-sheet-2022.

  18. Ingram ME, Nagalla M, Shan Y, et al. Sex-Based Disparities in Timeliness of Trauma Care and Discharge Disposition. JAMA Surg. 2022;157(7):609–616. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2022.1550.

  19. Heart and Stroke Foundation. HeartSmart™ Women. Accessed April 13, 2023. 12a Bertakis KD, Azari R, Helms LJ, Callahan EJ, Robbins JA. Gender differences in the utilization of health care services. J Fam Pract. 2000 Feb;49(2):147-52. PMID: 10718692.

  20. Pan American Health Organization. PAHO STEPwise Approach to Stroke Surveillance. Accessed May 4, 2020.

  21. Hillis AE and Tippett DC. Stroke Recovery: Surprising Influences and Residual Consequences. Advances in Medicine, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Accessed April 13, 2023.

  22. WSO Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022. 11 Jan 2022

  23. Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, et al. Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 [published correction appears in Lancet. 2014 Jan 18;383(9913):218]. Lancet. 2014;383(9913):245‐254. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61953-4.

  24. Kim JS. Stroke in Asia: a global disaster. Int J Stroke. 2014;9(7):856‐857. doi:10.1111/ijs.12317.

  25. Wu X, Zhu B, Fu L, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of stroke in the chinese island populations: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e78629. Published 2013 Nov 8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078629.

  26. Stroke in Canada: Highlights from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System.  Accessed April 13, 2023.

  27. British Heart Foundation. Heart Statistics. UK Factsheet.April 2023. Accessed- April 13, 2023.

  28. Shahbandi, A., Shobeiri, P., Azadnajafabad, S. et al. Burden of stroke in North Africa and Middle East, 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. BMC Neurol 22, 279 (2022).

  29. Johnson W, Onuma O, Owolabi M, Sachdev S. Stroke: a global response is needed. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(9):634‐634A. doi:10.2471/BLT.16.181636.

  30. American Stroke Association. Types of Stroke. Accessed April 13, 2023.

  31. American Stroke Association. Effects of Stroke. AccessedApril 13, 2023.

  32. Carlton C, Banks M, and Sundararajan S. Oral Contraceptives and Ischemic Stroke Risk. Stroke. 2018;49:e157–e159.

  33. American Stroke Association. Stroke Risk Factors Not Within Your Control. Accessed April 13, 2023.

  34. American Stroke Association. Medical Risk Factors. Accessed April 13, 2023.

  35. Obesity Action Coalition. Obesity and Stroke Fact Sheet. Accessed April 13, 2023.

  36. NIH/NIDDK Diabetes Discoveries & Practice Blog Addressing Stroke Risk Factors in People Who Have Diabetes.

  37. Meschia JF, Bushnell C, Boden-Albala B, et al. Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45(12):3754‐3832. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000046.

  38. Kurth T, Everett BM, Buring JE, Kase CS, Ridker PM, Gaziano JM. Lipid levels and the risk of ischemic stroke in women. Neurology. 2007;68(8):556‐562. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000254472.41810.0d.

  39. Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Brindle P, Hippisley-Cox J. Patients who discontinued statin treatment: a protocol for cohort study using primary care data. BMJ Open. 2015;5(10):e008701. Published 2015 Oct 22. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008701.

  40. Marquis-Gravel G, Roe MT, Harrington RA, et al .Revisiting the Role of Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2019;140:1115–1124. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040205

  41. Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association [published correction appears in Stroke. 2015 Feb;46(2):e54]. Stroke. 2014;45(7):2160‐2236. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000024.

  42. 2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Published: May 24, 2021. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  43. Women’s Health Study Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Women's Health Study. Accessed May 4, 2020.

  44. Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, et al. 2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, Volume 52, Issue 7Jul 2021. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  45. American Heart Association. 5 Steps to Quit Smoking and Vaping. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  46. American Heart Association. American Heart Association Recommendations for Physical Activity in Adults and Kids. Reviewed Apr 18, 2018 Accessed April 17, 2023.

  47. How Poor Oral Health Fosters Systemic Disease. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  48. Sfyroeras GS, Roussas N, Saleptsis VG, Argyriou C, Giannoukas AD. Association between periodontal disease and stroke. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55(4):1178‐1184. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2011.10.008.

  49. Fentoglu O, Bozkurt FY. The Bi-Directional Relationship between Periodontal Disease and Hyperlipidemia. Eur J Dent. 2008;2(2):142‐146.

  50. Vieira RW. Cardiovascular and periodontal diseases. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2014;29(1):VII‐IX. doi:10.5935/1678-9741.20140003.

  51. Dhadse P, Gattani D, Mishra R. The link between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease: How far we have come in last two decades?. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2010;14(3):148‐154. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.75908.

  52. Sharma A, Sharma A, Chauhan R, et al. (March 22, 2023) The Relationship Between Periodontal Disease (PD) and Recurrent Vascular Events in Ischemic Stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) Patients: A Hospital-Based Cohort Study. Cureus 15(3): e36530. doi:10.7759/cureus.36530. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  53. Pfeifer MR, Taybos GM, Salivary Dysfunction. In Daniel & Harfst (Eds.), 2002, Mosby's Dental Hygiene: Concepts, Cases and Competencies, St. Louis, Elseiver: 664-670.

  54. Majithia V, Geraci SA. Rheumatoid arthritis: diagnosis and management. Am J Med. 2007;120(11):936‐939. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.04.005.

  55. Young A, Koduri G. Extra-articular manifestations and complications of rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21(5):907‐927. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2007.05.007.

  56. Owlia MB, Manshadi SMYMP, Naderi N. Cardiac Manifestations of Rheumatological Conditions: A Narrative Review. ISRN Rheumatology, Volume 2012, Article ID 463620, 10 pages. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  57. Arthritis Foundation. Arthritis and Heart Disease Accessed April 17, 2023.

  58. Freeman J. RA Facts: What are the Latest Statistics on Rheumatoid Arthritis? Rheumatoid Arthritis Support Network. 2018 Oct 27. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  59. Global Health Estimates: Life expectancy and leading causes of death and disability.

  60. Finckh, A., Gilbert, B., Hodkinson, B. et al. Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 18, 591–602 (2022). Accessed April 17, 2023.

  61. Kuwana Y, Takei M, Yajima M, et al. Epstein-Barr virus induces erosive arthritis in humanized mice. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26630. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026630.

  62. Alamanos Y, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA. Incidence and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis, based on the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2006;36(3):182‐188. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.08.006.

  63. Padyukov L, Silva C, Stolt P, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L. A gene-environment interaction between smoking and shared epitope genes in HLA-DR provides a high risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(10):3085‐3092. doi:10.1002/art.20553.

  64. Plenge RM, Seielstad M, Padyukov L, et al. TRAF1-C5 as a risk locus for rheumatoid arthritis--a genomewide study. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(12):1199‐1209. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa073491.

  65. Orellana C, Saevarsdottir S, Klareskog L, Karlson EW, Alfredsson L, Bengtsson C. Oral contraceptives, breastfeeding and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(11):1845‐1852. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211620.

  66. Vital EM, Emery P. Advances in the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(6):1002‐1004.

  67. Lab Tests Online. Rheumatoid Factor. American Association for Clinical Chemistry. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  68. Ezerioha M. RF Test: What is the Normal Range for a Rheumatoid Factor Test? Rheumatoid Arthritis Support Network. 2018 Oct 27. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  69. American College of Rheumatology. 2010 Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification. The 2010 ACR-EULAR Classification Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  70. Everyday Health. Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Importance of Resting Joints. 2017 Jul 05. Reviewed August 26, 2021. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  71. Ezerioha M. Life with RA: What Will My Quality of Life Be Like? Rheumatoid Arthritis Support Network. 2018 Oct 27. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  72. Harvard Health. Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis. 2014 Mar. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  73. WebMD. Rheumatoid Arthritis Drug Guide. Reviewed November 02, 2022. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  74. Arthritis Foundation. Biologics Overview. Updated Sept. 3, 2022. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  75. HSS. Study Assesses Impact of Rheumatoid Arthritis on Joint Replacement Surgery Outcomes. 2013 Jun 12. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  76. Choi HK, Hernán MA, Seeger JD, Robins JM, Wolfe F. Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Lancet. 2002;359(9313):1173‐1177. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08213-2.

  77. National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society. How is lifespan affected by RA. 2020 Feb 01. Updated: 02/01/2020. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  78. Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Matteson EL. Decreased Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients with Incident Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in Recent Years: Dawn of a New Era in Cardiovascular Disease in RA? Abstract Number: 3237. 2015 ACR/ARHP Annual Meeting. 29 Sep 29. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  79. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Arthritis Center. High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors. 2005 Apr13. Accessed April 17, 2023.

  80. Mercado F, Marshall RI, Klestov AC, Bartold PM. Is there a relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease?. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27(4):267‐272. doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027004267.x.

  81. Mercado FB, Marshall RI, Bartold PM. Inter-relationships between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. A review. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30(9):761‐772. doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.2003.00371.x.

  82. Pischon N, Pischon T, Kröger J, et al. Association among rheumatoid arthritis, oral hygiene, and periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2008;79(6):979‐986. doi:10.1902/jop.2008.070501.

  83. Al-Shammari KF, Al-Khabbaz AK, Al-Ansari JM, Neiva R, Wang HL. Risk indicators for tooth loss due to periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2005;76(11):1910‐1918. doi:10.1902/jop.2005.76.11.1910.

  84. National Institute of Mental Health (NIH). Health Topics: Depression.. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  85. Tracy N. Depression in Women: Understanding Female Depression. HealthyPlace. 2020 Feb 24. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  86. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).  Accessed May 4, 2023.

  87. Cassano P, Fava M. Depression and public health: an overview. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53(4):849‐857. doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00304-5.

  88. National Institute of Mental Health (NIH). Chronic Illness and Mental Health: Recognizing and Treating Depression. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  89. Gordon RP, Brandish EK, Baldwin DS. Anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Medicine, 2016 Nov;44(11):664-671. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  90. Levey DF, Stein MB, Wendt FR. Bi-ancestral depression GWAS in the Million Veteran Program and meta-analysis in >1.2 million individuals highlight new therapeutic directions.

  91. Kessler RC, Barker PR, Colpe LJ, et al. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(2):184‐189. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184.

  92. Chaudron LH, Szilagyi PG, Kitzman HJ, Wadkins HI, Conwell Y. Detection of postpartum depressive symptoms by screening at well-child visits. Pediatrics. 2004;113(3 Pt 1):551‐558. doi:10.1542/peds.113.3.551.

  93. Freeman MP, Wright R, Watchman M, et al. Postpartum depression assessments at well-baby visits: screening feasibility, prevalence, and risk factors. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005;14(10):929‐935. doi:10.1089/jwh.2005.14.929.

  94. Davis JL. Women with Depression Have Special Needs, Considerations. WebMD. 2001 May 17. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  95. Hofmeister s and Bodden. S. Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Aug 1;94(3):236-40.

  96. Dreher JC, Schmidt PJ, Kohn P, Furman D, Rubinow D, Berman KF. Menstrual cycle phase modulates reward-related neural function in women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(7):2465‐2470. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605569104.

  97. Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Mortensen PB. New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study. JAMA. 2006;296(21):2582‐2589. doi:10.1001/jama.296.21.2582.

  98. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first treatment for post-partum depression. 2019 Mar 19.  Accessed May 4, 2023.

  99. Bebbington PE, Dunn G, Jenkins R, et al. The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of depressive conditions: report from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity [published correction appears in Psychol Med 1998 Sep;28(5):1253]. Psychol Med. 1998;28(1):9‐19. doi:10.1017/s0033291797006077.

  100. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Nelson DB. Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(4):375‐382. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.375.

  101. Cohen LS, Altshuler LL, Harlow BL, et al. Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment [published correction appears in JAMA. 2006 Jul 12;296(2):170]. JAMA. 2006;295(5):499‐507. doi:10.1001/jama.295.5.499.

  102. WebMD. Types of Depression. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  103. Rohan KJ, Lindsey KT, Roecklein KA, Lacy TJ. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, light therapy, and their combination in treating seasonal affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 2004;80(2-3):273‐283. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00098-3.

  104. Reynolds CF 3rd, Dew MA, Pollock BG, et al. Maintenance treatment of major depression in old age. N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 16;354(11):1130-8.

  105. Grohol JM. Depression Treatment: Psychotherapy, Medication or Both? Psych Central. 2018 Oct 08. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  106. Qato DM, Ozenberger K, and Olfson M. Prevalence of Prescription Medications With Depression as a Potential Adverse Effect Among Adults in the United States. JAMA. 2018;319(22):2289-2298. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.6741. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  107. Meikle J. Antidepressant prescriptions in England double in a decade. The Guardian. 2016 Jul05. Accessed May 4, 2023

  108. Olié JP, Elomari F, Spadone C, Lépine JP. Résultats d'une enquête sur l'usage des antidépresseurs en population générale française [Antidepressants consumption in the global population in France]. Encephale. 2002;28(5 Pt 1):411‐417.

  109. Raymond CB, Morgan SG, Caetano PA. Antidepressant utilization in British Columbia from 1996 to 2004: increasing prevalence but not incidence. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58(1):79‐84. doi:10.1176/ps.2007.58.1.79.

  110. Meijer WE, Heerdink ER, Leufkens HG, Herings RM, Egberts AC, Nolen WA. Incidence and determinants of long-term use of antidepressants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;60(1):57‐61. doi:10.1007/s00228-004-0726-3.

  111. Gould S, Friedman LF. Something startling is going on with antidepressant use around the world. Business Insider, 2016 Feb 04. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  112. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Mental Health Medications.  Accessed May 4, 2023.

  113. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Depression.  Accessed May 4, 2023.

  114. Mayo Clinic. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Accessed May 4, 2023.

  115. National Alliance on Mental Illness. Bupropion (Wellbutrin). Last Reviewed: January 2023. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  116. Mayo Clinic. Bupropion (Oral Route). Portions of this document last updated: May 1, 2023. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  117. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for Industry. Warnings and Precautions, Contraindications, and Boxed Warning Sections of Labeling for Human Prescription Drug and Biological Products – Content and Format. October 2011. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  118. Promises Behavioral Health. Dietary Inadequacies Linked to Depression. 2013 Jan 09. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  119. Rambiritch S. Depression and its Oral Manifestations. HealthTap. 2017 Nov 13.

  120. Heanue M, Deacon SA, Deery C, et al. Manual versus powered toothbrushing for oral health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD002281. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002281.

  121. Robinson PG, Deacon SA, Deery C, et al. Manual versus powered toothbrushing for oral health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002281. Published 2005 Apr 18. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002281.pub2.

  122. Deacon SA, Glenny AM, Deery C, et al. Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD004971. Published 2010 Dec 8. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004971.pub2.

  123. Schiff T, Saletta L, Baker RA, Winston JL, He T. Desensitizing effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride/Sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2005;26(9 Suppl 1):35‐40.

  124. Schiff T, He T, Sagel L, Baker R. Efficacy and safety of a novel stabilized stannous fluoride and sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice for dentinal hypersensitivity. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2006;7(2):1‐8. Published 2006 May 1.

  125. Mankodi S, Bartizek RD, Winston JL, Biesbrock AR, McClanahan SF, He T. Anti-gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32(1):75‐80. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00639.x.

  126. Perlich MA, Bacca LA, Bollmer BW, et al. The clinical effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation, gingivitis and gingival bleeding: a six-month study. J Clin Dent. 1995;6 Spec No:54‐58.

  127. Beiswanger BB, Doyle PM, Jackson RD, et al. The clinical effect of dentifrices containing stabilized stannous fluoride on plaque formation and gingivitis--a six-month study with ad libitum brushing. J Clin Dent. 1995;6 Spec No:46‐53.

  128. Gerlach RW, Garcia-Godoy C, Walanski A, et al. Research Summary: A Clinical Trial to Assess the Effect of a Regimen including a Novel Stannous Fluoride Dentifrice, Power Toothbrush and Floss on Gingivitis [881]. Accessed May 4, 2020.

  129. Mankodi S, Bauroth K, Witt JJ, et al. A 6-month clinical trial to study the effects of a cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse on gingivitis and plaque. Am J Dent. 2005;18 Spec No:9A‐14A.

  130. Charles CH, Mostler KM, Bartels LL, Mankodi SM. Comparative antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness of a chlorhexidine and an essential oil mouthrinse: 6-month clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31(10):878‐884. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00578.x.

  131. Bartels C. Xerostomia. The Oral Cancer Foundation. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  132. Slot DE, Lyle DM, Van der Sluijs E, Hennequin-Hoenderdos N, Van der Weijden F. The Waterpik® Water Flosser: Significantly More Effective than Interdental Brush for Improving Gingival Health. J Dent Res 2018; 97(Special Iss. B): Abstract #0622 (www.iadr.org). Conducted at Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Netherlands.

  133. Slot DE, Dörfer CE, Van der Weijden GA. The efficacy of interdental brushes on plaque and parameters of periodontal inflammation: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2008;6(4):253‐264. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00330.x.

  134. Ramji N, Baig A, He T, et al. Sustained antibacterial actions of a new stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice containing sodium hexametaphosphate. . https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16999006. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  135. Covid deaths down 95 percent this year: WHO. April 23, 2026. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  136. NIH. Long COVID. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  137. Spencer DJ. CDC Museum COVID-19 Timeline Accessed May 6, 2023.

  138. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  139. CDC. HHS Announces New Laboratory Data Reporting Guidance for COVID-19 Testing. June 4, 2020. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  140. Garawi, F., Devries, K., Thorogood, N. et al. Global differences between women and men in the prevalence of obesity: is there an association with gender inequality?. Eur J Clin Nutr 68, 1101–1106 (2014). Accessed May 6, 2023.

  141. CDC. Percent of U.S. Adults 55 and Over with Chronic Conditions. Accessed May 2, 2023.

  142. Jean-François Lemaître, Victor Ronget, Morgane Tidière, Dominique Allainé, Vérane Berger, Aurélie Cohas, Fernando Colchero, Dalia A. Conde, Michael Garratt, András Liker, Gabriel A. B. Marais, Alexander Scheuerlein, Tamás Székely, Jean-Michel Gaillard. Sex differences in adult lifespan and aging rates of mortality across wild mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2020; 201911999 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911999117.

  143. McKinsey & Company, McKinsey Global Institute. COVID-19 and gender equality: Countering the regressive effects. July 15, 2020. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  144. DeGroff A, Miller J, Sharma K, et al. COVID-19 impact on screening test volume through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer early detection program, January-June 2020, in the United States. Prev Med, 2021 Oct;151:106559. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106559. Epub 2021 Jun 30.

  145. CDC. New CDC Data: COVID-19 Vaccination Safe for Pregnant People.

  146. Zauche LH, Wallace B, Smoots AN, et al. Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines preconception and during pregnancy and risk of self-reported spontaneous abortions, CDC v-safe COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry 2020-21, 09 August 2021, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  147. CDC. CDC Statement on Pregnancy Health Advisory. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  148. Frederiksen B, Ranji U, Salganicoff A, and Long M. Women's Experiences with Health Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from the KFF Women's Health Survey. March 22, 2021. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  149. King LS, Feddoes DE, Kirshenbaum JS, Humphreys KL, Gotlib IH. Pregnancy during the pandemic: the impact of COVID-19-related stress on risk for prenatal depression. Psychol Med. 2021 Mar 30:1-11. doi: 10.1017/S003329172100132X. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33781354; PMCID: PMC8047399.

  150. Podrug M, Koren P, Dražić Maras E, Podrug J, Čulić V, Perissiou M, Bruno RM, Mudnić I, Boban M, Jerončić A. Long-Term Adverse Effects of Mild COVID-19 Disease on Arterial Stiffness, and Systemic and Central Hemodynamics: A Pre-Post Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(6):2123.

  151. Wang C, Lê-Scherban F, Taylor J, Salmoirago-Blotcher E, Allison M, Gefen D, Robinson L, Michael YL. Associations of Job Strain, Stressful Life Events, and Social Strain With Coronary Heart Disease in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 Feb;10(5):e017780. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.017780. Epub 2021 Feb 23. PMID: 33618543; PMCID: PMC8174284.

  152. Hosseini, Z, Veenstra G, Khan N, Conklin A I. Social connections and hypertension in women and men: a population-based cross-sectional study of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Journal of Hypertension 39(4):p 651-660, April 2021. | DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002688.

  153. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB (2010) Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review. PLoS Med 7(7): e1000316.

  154. Social Connection — Current Priorities of the U.S. Surgeon General (hhs.gov). Accessed May 6, 2023.

  155. Office of the Surgeon General. Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. 2023. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  156. WHO Policy Brief. What the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed: the findings of five global health workforce professions. 26 March 2023. Accessed May 2, 2023.

  157. Downey E, Fokeladeh HS, Catton H. What the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed: the findings of five global health workforce professions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023 (Human Resources for Health Observer Series No. 28). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

  158. WHO. From emergency response to long-term COVID-19 disease management: sustaining gains made during the COVID-19 pandemic. 3 May 2023. Accessed May 3, 2023.