Dentalcare 30 years logo

Aging, Systemic Disease and Oral Health: Implications for Women Worldwide (Part II)

Course Number: 330

Take the Test

References / Additional Resources

  1. Facts for Features: Older Americans Month: May 2017. United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 29, 2026.

  2. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/united-states-adult-population-grew-faster-than-nations-total-population-from-2010-to-2020.html. Accessed May 29, 2026.

  3. WHO. Women, Ageing and Health: A Framework for Action: Focus on Gender. 2207. Accessed May 29, 2026.

  4. World health statistics 2022: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Accessed May 29, 2026.

  5. https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/life-expectancy/. Accessed May 29, 2026.

  6. World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2024: Monitoring Health for the SDGs. Geneva: WHO; 2024 Accessed May 29, 2026.

  7. WHO report shows that women outlive men worldwide BMJ 2019; 365 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1631 Accessed May 29, 2026:

  8. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm Accessed May 29, 2026

  9. Heart disease, stroke deaths down, yet still kill more in U.S. than any other cause | American Heart Association. https://newsroom.heart.org/news/heart-disease-stroke-deaths-down-yet-still-kill-more-in-u-s-than-any-other-cause

  10. World Heart Federation. Women and CVD - Facts and tips. Accessed May 29, 2026.

  11. 2026 Stats Update Fact Sheet US Females and CVD Accessed May 29, 2026.

  12. American Heart Association (AHA). Heart Disease and Women. Facts About Heart Disease in Women. Accessed May 29, 2026.

  13. The Internet Stroke Center. Stroke Statistics. Accessed May 29, 2026.

  14. American Stroke Association. Stroke Risk Factors. Women Have a Higher Risk of Stroke. Accessed May 31, 2026.

  15. https://www.goredforwomen.org/-/media/GRFW-Files/Know-Your-Risk/Stroke_Risk_in_Women_English_Infographic.pdf Accessed May 29, 2026.

  16. Palaniappan LP, Allen NB, Almarzooq ZI, et al. 2026 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association,. Accessed May 29, 2026.

  17. G A Colditz 1 and E Coakley. Weight, weight gain, activity, and major illnesses: the Nurses' Health Study. Int J Sports Med, . 1997 Jul:18 Suppl 3:S162-70. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-972709. Accessed June 2, 2026.

  18. Ingram ME, Nagalla M, Shan Y, et al. Sex-Based Disparities in Timeliness of Trauma Care and Discharge Disposition. JAMA Surg. 2022;157(7):609–616. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2022.1550. Accessed May 31, 2026

  19. Heart and Stroke Foundation. HeartSmart™ Women. Accessed May 31, 2026

  20. Feigin VL, Brainin M, Rautalin I, et al. World Stroke Organization: Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2025. International Stroke Journal, Volume 20 Issue 2, February 2025. Accessed May 31, 2026.

  21. Hillis AE and Tippett DC. Stroke Recovery: Surprising Influences and Residual Consequences. Advances in Medicine, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Accessed May 31, 2026.

  22. Li X, Kong X, Yang C et al. Global, regional, and national burden of ischemic stroke, 1990–2021: an analysis of data from the global burden of disease study 2021. eClinicalMedicine, 2024; 75. Acessed May 31, 2026.

  23. Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, et al. Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 [published correction appears in Lancet. 2014 Jan 18;383(9913):218]. Lancet. 2014;383(9913):245‐254. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61953-4. Accessed May 31, 2026.

  24. Tan KS, Pandian JD, Liu L, Toyoda K, Leung TWH, Uchiyama S, Kuroda S, Suwanwela NC, Aaron S, Chang HM, Venketasubramanian N. Stroke in Asia. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2024;14(1):58-75. doi: 10.1159/000538928. Epub 2024 Apr 26. PMID: 38657577; PMCID: PMC11250668. Accessed May 31, 2026.

  25. Zhao Y, Hua X, Ren X, Ouyang M, Chen C, Li Y, Yin X, Song P, Chen X, Wu S, Song L, Anderson CS. Increasing burden of stroke in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, incidence, mortality, and case fatality. Int J Stroke. 2023 Mar;18(3):259-267. doi: 10.1177/17474930221135983. Epub 2022 Nov 16. PMID: 36274585. Acessed May 31, 2026.

  26. Stroke in Canada: Highlights from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System.  Accessed May 31, 2026.

  27. Brain Research UK, Stroke. Accessed May 31, 2026.

  28. Shahbandi, A., Shobeiri, P., Azadnajafabad, S. et al. Burden of stroke in North Africa and Middle East, 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. BMC Neurol 22, 279 (2022). Accessed May 31, 2026.

  29. Johnson W, Onuma O, Owolabi M, Sachdev S. Stroke: a global response is needed. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(9):634‐634A. doi:10.2471/BLT.16.181636.

  30. American Stroke Association. Types of Stroke. Accessed May 31, 2026.

  31. American Stroke Association. Effects of Stroke. Accessed May 31, 2026.

  32. Carlton C, Banks M, and Sundararajan S. Oral Contraceptives and Ischemic Stroke Risk. Stroke. 2018;49:e157–e159. . Accessed May 31, 2026.

  33. American Stroke Association. Stroke Risk Factors Not Within Your Control. Accessed June 2, 2026.

  34. American Stroke Association. Medical Risk Factors. Accessed June 2, 2026.

  35. Obesity Action Coalition. Obesity and Stroke Fact Sheet. Accessed June 2, 2026.

  36. Diabetes, Heart Disease, & Stroke - NI. Accessed June 2, 2026.

  37. 2024 Guideline for the Primary Prevention of Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Accessed June 2, 2026.

  38. Rist PM, Buring JE, Ridker PM, et al. Lipid levels and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke among women. Rist PM, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Kase CS, Kurth T, Rexrode KM. Lipid levels and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke among women. Neurology. 2019 May 7;92(19):e2286-e2294. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007454. Epub 2019 Apr 10. PMID: 30971484; PMCID: PMC6537127. Accessed June 22, 2026.

  39. Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Brindle P, Hippisley-Cox J. Patients who discontinued statin treatment: a protocol for cohort study using primary care data. BMJ Open. 2015;5(10):e008701. Published 2015 Oct 22. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008701. Accessed June 2, 2026.

  40. USPreventiveServicesTaskForce. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease. US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Accessed June 8, 2026

  41. Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association [published correction appears in Stroke. 2015 Feb;46(2):e54]. Stroke. 2014;45(7):2160‐2236. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000024. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  42. 2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Published: May 24, 2021. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  43. Women’s Health Study Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Women's Health Study. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  44. Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, et al. 2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, Volume 52, Issue 7Jul 2021. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  45. American Heart Association. 5 Steps to Quit Smoking and Vaping. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  46. The World Health Organization (WHO). Physical activity, 2026. Accessed June 8, 2026

  47. How Poor Oral Health Fosters Systemic Disease. Accessed June 8, 2026

  48. Țica O, Romanul I, Ciavoi G, Pantea VA, Scrobota I, Șipoș L, Daina CM, Țica O. A Clinical Review of the Connections Between Diabetes Mellitus, Periodontal Disease, and Cardiovascular Pathologies. Biomedicines. 2025 Sep 20;13(9):2309. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13092309. PMID: 41007869; PMCID: PMC12467886. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  49. Tran AH, Zaidi AH, Bolger AF, et al. Periodontal Disease and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2026;153:e73–e88. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001390. February 10, 2026. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  50. Rheumatoid Arthritis - CDC https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/rheumatoid-arthritis/index.html Accessed June 8, 2026.

  51. Rodolfi S, Della-Torre E, Bongiovanni L, et al. Lymphadenopathy in the rheumatology practice: a pragmatic approach, Rheumatology, Volume 63, Issue 6, June 2024, Pages 1484–1493, Accessed June 8, 2026.

  52. Farhat H, Irfan H, Muthiah K, Pallipamu N, Taheri S, Thiagaraj SS, Shukla TS, Gutlapalli SD, Giva S, Penumetcha SS. Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2022 Dec 8;14(12):e32308. doi: 10.7759/cureus.32308. PMID: 36632250; PMCID: PMC9827945. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  53. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Steps to Take. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  54. WHO Rheumatoid arthritis, 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/Rheumatoid-arthritis.

  55. El-Gabalawy H. The Impact of Rheumatoid Arthritis on First Nations and How We Can Work With Communities to Prevent It. The Journal of Rheumatology July 2024, 51 (Suppl 1) 3-9; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.2024-0369_dunlop-dottridge https://www.jrheum.org/content/51/Suppl_1/3 Accessed June 8, 2026.

  56. Uke P, Maharaj A, and Adebago a. A review on the epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis: An update and trends from current literature. Science Direct, Volume 39, Issue 1, March 2025, 102036. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  57. Ma, Y., Chen, H., Lv, W. et al. Global, regional and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis from 1990 to 2021, with projections of incidence to 2050: a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2021. Biomark Res 13, 47 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-025-00760-8 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40364-025-00760-8#citeas Accessed June 8, 2026.

  58. Freeman J. RA Facts: What are the Latest Statistics on Rheumatoid Arthritis? Rheumatoid Arthritis Support Network. 2018 Oct 27. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  59. Kitamura N, Nagasawa Y, Akiya K, Inomata H and Nakamura H. Relationship between anti-Epstein-Barr virus early antigen diffuse type and restricted type immunoglobulin G antibodies and disease activity and autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective observational study. BMC Rheumatol 9, 123 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41927-025-00576-x https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s41927-025-00576-x#citeas. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  60. Saag KG, Cerhan JR, Kolluri S, et al. Cigarette smoking and rheumatoid arthritis severity. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1997;56:463-46 9. Accessed June 8, 2026

  61. Sharma D, Leung SH, and Viatte S. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, Volume 38, Issue 4, December 2024, 101968. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  62. Orellana C, Saevarsdottir S, Klareskog L, Karlson EW, Alfredsson L, Bengtsson C. Oral contraceptives, breastfeeding and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(11):1845‐1852. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211620. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  63. Vital EM, Emery P. Advances in the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Sep 15;72(6):1002, 1004. PMID: 16190499. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  64. Gamal N, Shalaby MH, Majeed MA, and Fadel IY. Comparative study between MRI and ultrasound in articular affection of rheumatoid arthritis. Romanian JouRnal of Rheumatology, Volume 34, no. 1, 2025. Accessed June 8, 2026

  65. Togashi, T.; Ishihara, R.; Watanabe, R.; Shiomi, M.; Yano, Y.; Fujisawa, Y.; Katsushima, M.; Fukumoto, K.; Yamada, S.; Hashimoto, M. Rheumatoid Factor: Diagnostic and Prognostic Performance and Therapeutic Implications in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14 1529. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051529 https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/5/1529 Accessed June 8, 2026.

  66. Kirkeskov L, Bray K. Employment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis - a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Rheumatol. 2023 Nov 14;7(1):41. doi: 10.1186/s41927-023-00365-4. PMID: 37964371; PMCID: PMC10644429. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  67. American College of Rheumatology. 2010 Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification. The 2010 ACR-EULAR Classification Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  68. Zaccardelli A, Friedlander HM, Ford JA, Sparks JA. Potential of Lifestyle Changes for Reducing the Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis: Is an Ounce of Prevention Worth a Pound of Cure? Clin Ther. 2019 Jul;41(7):1323-1345. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.04.021. Epub 2019 Jun 10. PMID: 31196646; PMCID: PMC6684958. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  69. Can Rheumatoid Arthritis Be Treated With Splints? https://the-health-site.com/can-rheumatoid-arthritis-be-treated-with-splints.html#google_vignette Accessed June 8, 2026

  70. Jones Amaowei EE, Anwar S, Kavanoor Sridhar K, Shabbir K, Mohammed EH, Bahar AR, Talpur AS, Bhat S, Zafar S, Qadar LT. Correlation of Depression and Anxiety With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cureus. 2022 Mar 14;14(3):e23137. doi: 10.7759/cureus.23137. PMID: 35444896; PMCID: PMC9009973. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  71. Kahaji B, Ahbibi S, Bighouab H, et al. ABS1264-PARE Prevalence of depression in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases: rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, Volume 84, Supplement 1, June 2025, Page 1843. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  72. Natural Remedies for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cleveland Clinic Health Essentials. July 8, 2022. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/rheumatoid-arthritis-natural-remedies Accessed April 17, 2023. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  73. WebMD. Rheumatoid Arthritis Drug Guide. Reviewed Accessed June 8, 2026.

  74. Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment – John Hopkins Arthritis Center. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  75. Arthritis Foundation. Biologics Overview. Updated Sept. 3, 2022. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  76. HSS. Study Assesses Impact of Rheumatoid Arthritis on Joint Replacement Surgery Outcomes. 2013 Jun 12. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  77. Perrotta FM, Ambrosino P, Lubrano E. Long-Term Survival of Methotrexate as First-Line Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Undifferentiated Arthritis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(24):7540. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247540. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  78. Oldfield L, Penm J, Mirzaei A et al. Prices, availability, and affordability of adult medicines in 54 low-income and middle-income countries: evidence based on a secondary analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 13, e50-e58. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  79. National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society. How is lifespan affected by RA. 2020 Feb 01. Updated: 02/01/2020. Accessed Accessed June 8, 2026.

  80. Liao KP. Cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2017 Feb;27(2):136-140. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.07.006. Epub 2016 Aug 3. PMID: 27612551; PMCID: PMC5253086. Accesed June 8, 2026.

  81. Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Matteson EL. Decreased Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients with Incident Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in Recent Years: Dawn of a New Era in Cardiovascular Disease in RA? Abstract Number: 3237. 2015 ACR/ARHP Annual Meeting. 29 Sep 29. Accessed June 8, 2026

  82. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Arthritis Center. High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors. 2005 Apr13. Accessed June 8, 2026

  83. Dolcezza S, Flores-Fraile J, Lobo-Galindo AB, Montiel-Company JM, Zubizarreta-Macho Á. Relationship Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontal Disease—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(1):10. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/1/10. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  84. Ceccarelli F, Saccucci M, Di Carlo G, Lucchetti R, Pilloni A, Pranno N, Luzzi V, Valesini G, Polimeni A. Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Same Inflammatory Mediators? Mediators Inflamm. 2019 May 5;2019:6034546. doi: 10.1155/2019/6034546. PMID: 31191116; PMCID: PMC6525860. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  85. Daniela S Silva, Charlotte de Vries, João Rovisco, Sara Serra, Marta Kaminska, Piotr Mydel, Karin Lundberg, José António P da Silva, Isabel P Baptista, The impact of periodontitis and periodontal treatment on rheumatoid arthritis outcomes: an exploratory clinical trial, Rheumatology, Volume 64, Issue 4, April 2025, Pages 1679–1688, Accessed June 8, 2026.

  86. Al-Shammari KF, Al-Khabbaz AK, Al-Ansari JM, Neiva R, Wang HL. Risk indicators for tooth loss due to periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2005;76(11):1910‐1918. doi:10.1902/jop.2005.76.11.1910. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  87. National Institute of Mental Health (NIH). Health Topics: Depression. Update 2024. Accessed June 8, 2026

  88. A Call to Action to Highlight the Disease Burden of Depressive Disorders in Women, Informed by Data Dashboard. April 10, 2025. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  89. The Global Health Observatory. Global health estimates: Leading causes of DALYs. Disease burden, 2000–2021. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  90. Brandl F, Weise B, Mulej Bratec S, Jassim N, Hoffmann Ayala D, Bertram T, Ploner M, Sorg C. Common and specific large-scale brain changes in major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and chronic pain: a transdiagnostic multimodal meta-analysis of structural and functional MRI studies. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022 Apr;47(5):1071-1080. doi: 10.1038/s41386-022-01271-y. Epub 2022 Jan 20. PMID: 35058584; PMCID: PMC8938548. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  91. Brandl F, Weise B, Mulej Bratec S, Jassim N, Hoffmann Ayala D, Bertram T, Ploner M, Sorg C. Common and specific large-scale brain changes in major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and chronic pain: a transdiagnostic multimodal meta-analysis of structural and functional MRI studies. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022 Apr;47(5):1071-1080. doi: 10.1038/s41386-022-01271-y. Epub 2022 Jan 20. PMID: 35058584; PMCID: PMC8938548. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  92. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)- Major Depression. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  93. O'Donovan C, Alda M. Depression Preceding Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2020 Jun 11;11:500. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00500. PMID: 32595530; PMCID: PMC7300293. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  94. Li W, Lai W, Guo L, Wang W, Li X, Zhu L, Shi J, Teopiz KM, McIntyre RS, Lu C. Childhood maltreatment and subsequent depressive symptoms: a prospective study of the sequential mediating role of self-esteem and internalizing/externalizing problems. BMC Psychiatry. 2023 Mar 20;23(1):179. doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-04654-7. PMID: 36941572; PMCID: PMC10026476. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  95. Berk M, Köhler-Forsberg O, Turner M, Penninx BWJH, Wrobel A, Firth J, Loughman A, Reavley NJ, McGrath JJ, Momen NC, Plana-Ripoll O, O'Neil A, Siskind D, Williams LJ, Carvalho AF, Schmaal L, Walker AJ, Dean O, Walder K, Berk L, Dodd S, Yung AR, Marx W. Comorbidity between major depressive disorder and physical diseases: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, mechanisms and management. World Psychiatry. 2023 Oct;22(3):366-387. doi: 10.1002/wps.21110. PMID: 37713568; PMCID: PMC10503929.

  96. Gordon RP, Brandish EM, and Baldwin DS. Anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Medicine, Volume 44, Issue 11, November 2016, Pages 664-671. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  97. Mental Health America. Co-Occurring Disorders And Depression. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  98. Skalski-Bednarz SB, Hillert A, Surzykiewicz J, Riedl E, Harder JP, Hillert SM, Adamczyk M, Uram P, Konaszewski K, Rydygel M, Maier K, Dobrakowski P. Longitudinal Impact of Disordered Eating Attitudes on Depression, Anxiety, and Somatization in Young Women with Anorexia and Bulimia. J Clin Med. 2024 Aug 27;13(17):5078. doi: 10.3390/jcm13175078. PMID: 39274291; PMCID: PMC11395729. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  99. Levey DF, Stein MB, Wendt FR. Bi-ancestral depression GWAS in the Million Veteran Program and meta-analysis in >1.2 million individuals highlight new therapeutic directions. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  100. Harvard Health Publishing. How genes and life events affect mood and depression. Accesseed June 8, 2026.

  101. Davis JL. Women with Depression Have Special Needs, Considerations. WebMD. 2001 May 17. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  102. Committee Opinion, Number 498, Adult Manifestations of Childhood Sexual Abuse. August 2011. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  103. Hofmeister s and Bodden. S. Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Aug 1;94(3):236-40. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  104. Ruehr L, Hoffmann K, May E, et al. Estrogens and human brain networks: A systematic review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, Volume 77, April 2025, 101174. Accesed June 8, 2026.

  105. Browne H. Anxiety In Women: Causes and How To Manage. Simple Psychology. Accessed June 9, 2026.

  106. Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Mortensen PB. New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study. JAMA. 2006;296(21):2582‐2589. doi:10.1001/jama.296.21.2582. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  107. Bridging the Gap: How the Collaborative Care Model is Transforming Maternal Mental Health in Los Angeles, Views from the Field, Posted May 20, 2026. Accessed June 9, 2026.

  108. ACOG’s Clinical Practice Guideline 4: “Screening and Diagnosis of Mental Health Conditions During Pregnancy and Postpartum”. Accessed June 8, 2026.

  109. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first treatment for post-partum depression. 2019 Mar. Accessed June 9, 2026.

  110. CDC. Depression and Aging, Healthy Aging. September 3, 2024. Accessed June 9, 2026.

  111. Abrams LR, Mehta NK. Changes in depressive symptoms over age among older Americans: Differences by gender, race/ethnicity, education, and birth cohort. SSM Popul Health. 2019 Apr 10;7:100399. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100399. PMID: 31024986; PMCID: PMC6476127. Accessed June 9, 2026.

  112. Bruce DF and McPhillips A. Types of Depression and How to Recognize Them. July 11, 2024. Accessed June 9, 2026.

  113. Comprehensive mental health action plan 2013–2030. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Accessed June 9, 2026.

  114. Qureshi NA, Al-Bedah AM. Mood disorders and complementary and alternative medicine: a literature review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:639-58. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S43419. Epub 2013 May 14. PMID: 23700366; PMCID: PMC3660126. Accessed June 9, 2026.

  115. Grohol JM. Depression Treatment: Psychotherapy, Medication or Both? Psych Central. 2018 Oct 08. Accessed June 9, 2026.

  116. Depressive disorder (depression) [ Apr; 2025 ]. 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression Accessed June 11, 2026.

  117. Qato DM, Ozenberger K, Olfson M. Prevalence of Prescription Medications With Depression as a Potential Adverse Effect Among Adults in the United States. JAMA. 2018 Jun 12;319(22):2289-2298. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.6741. PMID: 29896627; PMCID: PMC6583503. Accessed June 9, 2026.

  118. Oguntuase FO, Okobi OE, Olawale OO, Irorere O, Dare OA, Emejuru NB, Igbadumhe R, Duyilemi OD, Shittu SA, Emore E. Trends in Prescription Medication Use for Depression Symptoms: An Analysis of National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Data From 2019 to 2023. Cureus. 2025 May 28;17(5):e84944. doi: 10.7759/cureus.84944. PMID: 40585719; PMCID: PMC12203443. Accessed June 11, 2026.

  119. World Popualtion Review. Antidepressant Use by Country 2026.

  120. Mental Health Medications - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Accessed June 11, 2026.

  121. St. John's Wort and Depression: In Depth - NCCIH. Accessed June 11, 2026.

  122. MAOIs and diet: Is it necessary to restrict tyramine? - Mayo Clinic. Accessed June 11, 2026.

  123. Wellbutrin Prescribing Information.

  124. Mayo Clinic. Bupropion (Oral Route). Mayo Clinic. Bupropion (Oral Route). Accessed June 11, 2026.

  125. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for Industry. Warnings and Precautions, Contraindications, and Boxed Warning Sections of Labeling for Human Prescription Drug and Biological Products – Content and Format. October 2011.

  126. Soumerai SB, Koppel R, Naci H, et al. Intended And Unintended Outcomes After FDA Pediatric Antidepressant Warnings: A Systematic Review. Health Affairs 2024 43:10, 1360-1369 10.1377/hlthaff.2023.00263. Accessed June 11, 2026.

  127. Selvaraj R, Selvamani TY, Zahra A, Malla J, Dhanoa RK, Venugopal S, Shoukrie SI, Hamouda RK, Hamid P. Association Between Dietary Habits and Depression: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2022 Dec 9;14(12):e32359. doi: 10.7759/cureus.32359. PMID: 36632273; PMCID: PMC9828042. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  128. Teoh CXW, Thng M, Lau S, Taing MW, Chaw SY, Siskind D, Kisely S. Dry mouth effects from drugs used for depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and bipolar mood disorder in adults: systematic review. BJPsych Open. 2023 Mar 20;9(2):e53. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2023.15. PMID: 36938801; PMCID: PMC10044002. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  129. Covid deaths down 95 percent this year: WHO. April 23, 2026. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  130. Current Epidemic Trends (Based on Rt), CFA: Modeling and Forecasting. CDC. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  131. Staying Up to Date with COVID-19 Vaccines. Covid | CDC. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  132. WHO COVID-19 dashboard.

  133. CDC Museum COVID-19 Timeline. David J. Sencer CDC Museum. CDC. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  134. COVID-19 cases. WHO COVID-19 dashboard. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  135. HHS Announces New Laboratory Data Reporting Guidance for COVID-19 Testing. CDC Online Newsroom. CDC. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  136. Global obesity trends in adults. Obesity Evidence Hub.

  137. Okumura T and Murohara T. Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Disease: Perspectives on Disparities in Women’s Treatment and Outcomes. Special Collection: Karger e-Journal Backfile Collection 2025. Cardiology (2025) 150 (2): 191–193. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  138. COVID-19 impact on women and gender equality. McKinsey. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/covid-19-and-gender-equality-countering-the-regressive-effects#/. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  139. DeGroff A, Miller J, Sharma K, et al. COVID-19 impact on screening test volume through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer early detection program, January-June 2020, in the United States. Prev Med, 2021 Oct;151:106559. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106559. Epub. Accessed June 17, 2026 .

  140. COVID-19 Vaccination for Women Who Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding. Covid - CDC. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  141. King LS, Feddoes DE, Kirshenbaum JS, Humphreys KL, Gotlib IH. Pregnancy during the pandemic: the impact of COVID-19-related stress on risk for prenatal depression. Psychol Med. 2023 Jan;53(1):170-180. doi: 10.1017/S003329172100132X. Epub 2021 Mar 30. PMID: 33781354; PMCID: PMC8047399. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  142. Long-Term Adverse Effects of Mild COVID-19 Disease on Arterial Stiffness, and Systemic and Central Hemodynamics: A Pre-Post Study. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  143. Wang C, Lê-Scherban F, Taylor J, Salmoirago-Blotcher E, Allison M, Gefen D, Robinson L, Michael YL. Associations of Job Strain, Stressful Life Events, and Social Strain With Coronary Heart Disease in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 Feb;10(5):e017780. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.017780. Epub 2021 Feb 23. PMID: 33618543; PMCID: PMC8174284. Accessd June 17, 2026.

  144. Hosseini, Z, Veenstra G, Khan N, Conklin A I. Social connections and hypertension in women and men: a population-based cross-sectional study of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Journal of Hypertension 39(4):p 651-660, April 2021. | DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002688. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  145. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB (2010) Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review. PLoS Med 7(7): e1000316. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  146. Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. 2023. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  147. WHO Policy Brief. What the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed: the findings of five global health workforce professions. 26 March 2023. Accessed June 17, 2026 .

  148. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Accessed June 17, 2026.

  149. Statement on the fifteenth meeting of the IHR (2005) Emergency Committee on the COVID-19 pandemic. Accessed June 17, 2026.

  150. WHO. Obesity and overweight. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  151. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CDA, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. “C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction.” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999;19(4):972–978. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  152. Joynt Maddox KE, Elkind MSV, Aparicio HJ, et al; American Heart Association. Forecasting the burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke in the United States through 2050—prevalence of risk factors and disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Supplemental material. Circulation. 2024;150(4):e65-e88. Accessed June 19, 2026. ahajournals.org/journal/doi/suppl/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001256.

    Diabetes & Endocrinology - MDedge. Accessed June 19, 2026

  153. GoodRx. What Are GLP-1s? Uses for Weight Loss, Diabetes, and More. Accessed June 19, 2026

  154. Khan, S., & McCoy, R. G. (2024). Oral health considerations for patients using GLP‑1 receptor agonists: A narrative review. Journal of the American Dental Association, 155(3), 205–214. Khan, I. Care of dental patients on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists or tirzepatide requiring sedation. Br Dent J 238, 365–366 (2025). Accessed June 19, 2026.

  155. Gudsoorkar, P., Cervantes, C.E., Lerma, I. et al. Bridging systems: oral-kidney connections - pathophysiological links, clinical implications, and health system integration – a narrative review. BMC Nephrol 27, 201 (2026). Accessed June 19, 2026.

  156. Collection Page | OkCare. https://social76577.wixsite.com/ok_care/portfolio-collections/portfolio

  157. American Dental Association.www.ada.org, Accessed June 19, 2026.

  158. Dental Care Information for Professionals- Dentalcare.com. https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  159. Heanue M, Deacon SA, Deery C, et al. Manual versus powered toothbrushing for oral health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD002281. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002281. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  160. Robinson PG, Deacon SA, Deery C, et al. Manual versus powered toothbrushing for oral health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002281. Published 2005 Apr 18. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002281.pub2. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  161. Deacon SA, Glenny AM, Deery C, et al. Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD004971. Published 2010 Dec 8. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004971.pub2. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  162. Lyle D, Van der Weijden F, and Slot D. Efficacy of a water flosser compared to an interdental brush on gingival bleeding and gingival abrasion: A 4 week randomized controlled trial. Int J Dent Hygiene. 2025;23:176–185. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  163. Slot DE, Dörfer CE, Van der Weijden GA. The efficacy of interdental brushes on plaque and parameters of periodontal inflammation: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2008;6(4):253‐264. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00330.x. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  164. Schiff T, Saletta L, Baker RA, Winston JL, He T. Desensitizing effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride/Sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2005;26(9 Suppl 1):35‐40. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  165. Schiff T, He T, Sagel L, Baker R. Efficacy and safety of a novel stabilized stannous fluoride and sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice for dentinal hypersensitivity. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2006;7(2):1‐8. Published 2006 May 1.

  166. Perlich MA, Bacca LA, Bollmer BW, et al. The clinical effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation, gingivitis and gingival bleeding: a six-month study. J Clin Dent. 1995;6 Spec No:54‐58. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  167. Beiswanger BB, Doyle PM, Jackson RD, et al. The clinical effect of dentifrices containing stabilized stannous fluoride on plaque formation and gingivitis--a six-month study with ad libitum brushing. J Clin Dent. 1995;6 Spec No:46‐53. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  168. Gerlach RW, Garcia-Godoy C, Walanski A, et al. Research Summary: A Clinical Trial to Assess the Effect of a Regimen including a Novel Stannous Fluoride Dentifrice, Power Toothbrush and Floss on Gingivitis [881]. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  169. Ramji N, Baig A, He T, et al. Sustained antibacterial actions of a new stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice containing sodium hexametaphosphate. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  170. Mankodi S, Bauroth K, Witt JJ, et al. A 6-month clinical trial to study the effects of a cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse on gingivitis and plaque. Am J Dent. 2005;18 Spec No:9A‐14A. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  171. Charles CH, Mostler KM, Bartels LL, Mankodi SM. Comparative antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness of a chlorhexidine and an essential oil mouthrinse: 6-month clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31(10):878‐884. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00578.x. Accessed June 19, 2026.

  172. Bartels C. Xerostomia. The Oral Cancer Foundation. Accessed June

  173. Chaudron LH, Szilagyi PG, Kitzman HJ, Wadkins HI, Conwell Y. Detection of postpartum depressive symptoms by screening at well-child visits. Pediatrics. 2004;113(3 Pt 1):551‐558. doi:10.1542/peds.113.3.551.

  174. Freeman MP, Wright R, Watchman M, et al. Postpartum depression assessments at well-baby visits: screening feasibility, prevalence, and risk factors. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005;14(10):929‐935. doi:10.1089/jwh.2005.14.929.

  175. Dreher JC, Schmidt PJ, Kohn P, Furman D, Rubinow D, Berman KF. Menstrual cycle phase modulates reward-related neural function in women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(7):2465‐2470. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605569104.

  176. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first treatment for post-partum depression. 2019 Mar 19. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  177. WebMD. Types of Depression. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  178. Rohan KJ, Lindsey KT, Roecklein KA, Lacy TJ. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, light therapy, and their combination in treating seasonal affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 2004;80(2-3):273‐283. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00098-3.

  179. Reynolds CF 3rd, Dew MA, Pollock BG, et al. Maintenance treatment of major depression in old age. N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 16;354(11):1130-8.

  180. Grohol JM. Depression Treatment: Psychotherapy, Medication or Both? Psych Central. 2018 Oct 08. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  181. Qato DM, Ozenberger K, and Olfson M. Prevalence of Prescription Medications With Depression as a Potential Adverse Effect Among Adults in the United States. JAMA. 2018;319(22):2289-2298. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.6741. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  182. Meikle J. Antidepressant prescriptions in England double in a decade. The Guardian. 2016 Jul05. Accessed May 4, 2023

  183. Olié JP, Elomari F, Spadone C, Lépine JP. Résultats d'une enquête sur l'usage des antidépresseurs en population générale française [Antidepressants consumption in the global population in France]. Encephale. 2002;28(5 Pt 1):411‐417.

  184. Raymond CB, Morgan SG, Caetano PA. Antidepressant utilization in British Columbia from 1996 to 2004: increasing prevalence but not incidence. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58(1):79‐84. doi:10.1176/ps.2007.58.1.79.

  185. Meijer WE, Heerdink ER, Leufkens HG, Herings RM, Egberts AC, Nolen WA. Incidence and determinants of long-term use of antidepressants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;60(1):57‐61. doi:10.1007/s00228-004-0726-3.

  186. Gould S, Friedman LF. Something startling is going on with antidepressant use around the world. Business Insider, 2016 Feb 04. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  187. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Mental Health Medications. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  188. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Depression. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  189. Mayo Clinic. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Accessed May 4, 2023.

  190. National Alliance on Mental Illness. Bupropion (Wellbutrin) Last Reviewed: January 2023. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  191. Mayo Clinic. Bupropion (Oral Route)

  192. Portions of this document last updated: May 1, 2023. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  193. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for Industry. Warnings and Precautions, Contraindications, and Boxed Warning Sections of Labeling for Human Prescription Drug and Biological Products – Content and Format. October 2011. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  194. Promises Behavioral Health. Dietary Inadequacies Linked to Depression. 2013 Jan 09. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  195. Rambiritch S. Depression and its Oral Manifestations. HealthTap. 2017 Nov 13.

  196. Heanue M, Deacon SA, Deery C, et al. Manual versus powered toothbrushing for oral health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD002281. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002281.

  197. Robinson PG, Deacon SA, Deery C, et al. Manual versus powered toothbrushing for oral health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002281. Published 2005 Apr 18. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002281.pub2.

  198. Deacon SA, Glenny AM, Deery C, et al. Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD004971. Published 2010 Dec 8. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004971.pub2.

  199. Schiff T, Saletta L, Baker RA, Winston JL, He T. Desensitizing effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride/Sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2005;26(9 Suppl 1):35‐40.

  200. Schiff T, He T, Sagel L, Baker R. Efficacy and safety of a novel stabilized stannous fluoride and sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice for dentinal hypersensitivity. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2006;7(2):1‐8. Published 2006 May 1.

  201. Mankodi S, Bartizek RD, Winston JL, Biesbrock AR, McClanahan SF, He T. Anti-gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32(1):75‐80. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00639.x.

  202. Perlich MA, Bacca LA, Bollmer BW, et al. The clinical effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation, gingivitis and gingival bleeding: a six-month study. J Clin Dent. 1995;6 Spec No:54‐58.

  203. Beiswanger BB, Doyle PM, Jackson RD, et al. The clinical effect of dentifrices containing stabilized stannous fluoride on plaque formation and gingivitis--a six-month study with ad libitum brushing. J Clin Dent. 1995;6 Spec No:46‐53.

  204. Gerlach RW, Garcia-Godoy C, Walanski A, et al. Research Summary: A Clinical Trial to Assess the Effect of a Regimen including a Novel Stannous Fluoride Dentifrice, Power Toothbrush and Floss on Gingivitis [881]. Accessed May 4, 2020.

  205. Mankodi S, Bauroth K, Witt JJ, et al. A 6-month clinical trial to study the effects of a cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse on gingivitis and plaque. Am J Dent. 2005;18 Spec No:9A‐14A.

  206. Charles CH, Mostler KM, Bartels LL, Mankodi SM. Comparative antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness of a chlorhexidine and an essential oil mouthrinse: 6-month clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31(10):878‐884. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00578.x.

  207. Bartels C. Xerostomia. The Oral Cancer Foundation. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  208. Slot DE, Lyle DM, Van der Sluijs E, Hennequin-Hoenderdos N, Van der Weijden F. The Waterpik® Water Flosser: Significantly More Effective than Interdental Brush for Improving Gingival Health. J Dent Res 2018; 97(Special Iss. B): Abstract #0622 (www.iadr.org). Conducted at Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Netherlands.

  209. Slot DE, Dörfer CE, Van der Weijden GA. The efficacy of interdental brushes on plaque and parameters of periodontal inflammation: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2008;6(4):253‐264. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00330.x.

  210. Ramji N, Baig A, He T, et al. Sustained antibacterial actions of a new stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice containing sodium hexametaphosphate. Accessed May 4, 2023.

  211. Covid deaths down 95 percent this year: WHO. April 23, 2026. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  212. NIH. Long COVID. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  213. Spencer DJ. CDC Museum COVID-19 Timeline Accessed May 6, 2023.

  214. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  215. CDC. HHS Announces New Laboratory Data Reporting Guidance for COVID-19 Testing. June 4, 2020. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  216. Garawi, F., Devries, K., Thorogood, N. et al. Global differences between women and men in the prevalence of obesity: is there an association with gender inequality?. Eur J Clin Nutr 68, 1101–1106 (2014). Accessed May 6, 2023.

  217. CDC. Percent of U.S. Adults 55 and Over with Chronic Conditions. Accessed May 2, 2023.

  218. Jean-François Lemaître, Victor Ronget, Morgane Tidière, Dominique Allainé, Vérane Berger, Aurélie Cohas, Fernando Colchero, Dalia A. Conde, Michael Garratt, András Liker, Gabriel A. B. Marais, Alexander Scheuerlein, Tamás Székely, Jean-Michel Gaillard. Sex differences in adult lifespan and aging rates of mortality across wild mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2020; 201911999 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911999117.

  219. McKinsey & Company, McKinsey Global Institute. COVID-19 and gender equality: Countering the regressive effects. July 15, 2020. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  220. DeGroff A, Miller J, Sharma K, et al. COVID-19 impact on screening test volume through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer early detection program, January-June 2020, in the United States. Prev Med, 2021 Oct;151:106559. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106559. Epub 2021 Jun 30.

  221. CDC. New CDC Data: COVID-19 Vaccination Safe for Pregnant People.

  222. Zauche LH, Wallace B, Smoots AN, et al. Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines preconception and during pregnancy and risk of self-reported spontaneous abortions, CDC v-safe COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry 2020-21, 09 August 2021, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  223. CDC. CDC Statement on Pregnancy Health Advisory. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  224. Frederiksen B, Ranji U, Salganicoff A, and Long M. Women's Experiences with Health Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from the KFF Women's Health Survey. March 22, 2021. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  225. King LS, Feddoes DE, Kirshenbaum JS, Humphreys KL, Gotlib IH. Pregnancy during the pandemic: the impact of COVID-19-related stress on risk for prenatal depression. Psychol Med. 2021 Mar 30:1-11. doi: 10.1017/S003329172100132X. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33781354; PMCID: PMC8047399

  226. Podrug M, Koren P, Dražić Maras E, Podrug J, Čulić V, Perissiou M, Bruno RM, Mudnić I, Boban M, Jerončić A. Long-Term Adverse Effects of Mild COVID-19 Disease on Arterial Stiffness, and Systemic and Central Hemodynamics: A Pre-Post Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(6):2123.

  227. Wang C, Lê-Scherban F, Taylor J, Salmoirago-Blotcher E, Allison M, Gefen D, Robinson L, Michael YL. Associations of Job Strain, Stressful Life Events, and Social Strain With Coronary Heart Disease in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 Feb;10(5):e017780. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.017780. Epub 2021 Feb 23. PMID: 33618543; PMCID: PMC8174284.

  228. Hosseini, Z, Veenstra G, Khan N, Conklin A I. Social connections and hypertension in women and men: a population-based cross-sectional study of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Journal of Hypertension 39(4):p 651-660, April 2021. | DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002688.

  229. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB (2010) Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review. PLoS Med 7(7): e1000316.

  230. Social Connection — Current Priorities of the U.S. Surgeon General (hhs.gov). Accessed May 6, 2023.

  231. Office of the Surgeon General. Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. 2023. Accessed May 6, 2023.

  232. WHO Policy Brief. What the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed: the findings of five global health workforce professions. 26 March 2023. Accessed May 2, 2023.

  233. Downey E, Fokeladeh HS, Catton H. What the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed: the findings of five global health workforce professions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023 (Human Resources for Health Observer Series No. 28). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

  234. WHO. From emergency response to long-term COVID-19 disease management: sustaining gains made during the COVID-19 pandemic. 3 May 2023. Accessed May 3, 2023.

0/29Next