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Practical Panoramic Imaging

Course Number: 589

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References / Additional Resources

  1. Radiation Protection in Dentistry and Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging. NCRP Report No. 177. Recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, December 2019.

  2. Choi JW. Assessment of panoramic radiography as a National oral examination tool: review of the literature. Imaging Sci Dent 2011;41:1-6.

  3. Benavides E, Krecioch, JR, Connolly RT, Allareddy T, Bucahnana A, Spelic D, O’Brien KK, et al. Optimizing radiation safety in dentistry. JADA 2024;155(4):280-293.

  4. ADA, FDA. Dental radiographic examinations: Recommendations for patient selection and limiting exposure. Revised 2012. Accessed August 28, 2025.

  5. White SC, Pharoah MJ. Oral radiology: principles and interpretation, 7th ed. St. Louis, Mo. Elsevier/Mosby. 2014.

  6. Rushton VE, Horner K, Worthington HV. Routine panoramic radiography of new adult patients in general dental practice: relevance of diagnostic yield to treatment and identification of radiographic selection criteria. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002 Apr;93(4):488-95.

  7. Rushton VE, Horner K, Worthington HV. Screening panoramic radiography of new adult patients: diagnostic yield when combined with bitewing radiography and identification of selection criteria. Br Dent J. 2002 Mar 9;192(5):275-9.

  8. Rushton MN, Rushton VE. A study to determine the added value of 740 screening panoramic radiographs compared to intraoral radiography in the management of adult (>18 years) dentate patients in a primary care setting. J Dent. 2012 Aug;40(8):661-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.04.018. Epub 2012 Apr 27.

  9. Benn DK, Vig PS. Estimates of x-ray radiation related cancers in US dental offices: Is it worth the risk? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2021;132:597-608.

  10. Bushong SC. Radiologic science for technologists: Physics, biology, and protection, 10th ed. St. Louis, MO. Elsevier-Mosby. 2013.

  11. Parks ET, Williamson GF. Digital radiography: an overview. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2002 Nov 15;3(4):23-39.

  12. Martins MG, Haiter Neto F, Whaites EJ. Analysis of digital images acquired using different phosphor storage plates (PSPs) subjected to varying reading times and storage conditions. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2003 May;32(3):186-90. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/24355220.

  13. Metsala E, Henner A, Ekholm M. Quality assurance in digital dental imaging: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand 2014;72(5):362-371.

  14. American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association Standard No. 1094: Quality Assurance for Digital Intra-Oral Radiographic Systems. American Dental Association, 2020.

  15. AAPM Task Group. Report No. 175. Acceptance Testing and Quality Control of Dental Imaging Equipment. American Association of Physicists in Medicine; 2016:175.

  16. Benavides E, Bhula A, Gohel A, et al. Patient shielding during dentomaxillofacial radiography: Recommendations from the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. JADA 2023;154(9):P826-P835.

  17. Ludlow JB, Davies-Ludlow LE, White SC. Patient risk related to common dental radiographic examinations: the impact of 2007 International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendations regarding dose calculation. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008 Sep;139(9):1237-43.

  18. Granland C, Thilander-Klang A, Ylhan B, Lofthag-Hansen S, Ekestabbe A. Absorbed organ and effective dose from digital intra-oral and panoramic radiography applying the ICRP 103 recommendations for effective dose estimation for the period 2006-2016. Radiology 2020;295(2):418-427.

  19. Recommendations of the ICRP. Publication 26 Ann ICRP 1977;1(3):1-53.

  20. Summary of infection prevention practices in dental settings: basic expectations for safe care. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; October 2016.

  21. Rushton VE, Horner K, Worthington HV. The quality of panoramic radiographs in a sample of general dental practices. Br Dent J. 1999 Jun 26;186(12):630-3.

  22. Akarslan ZZ, Erten H, Güngör K, et al. Common errors on panoramic radiographs taken in a dental school. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003;4(2):24-34.

  23. Dhillon M, Raju SM, Verma S, et al. Positioning errors and quality assessment in panoramic radiography. Imaging Sci Dent 2012 D;42(4):207-212. doi: 10.5624/isd.2012.42.4.207.

  24. Subbulakshmi AC, Mohan N, Thiruneervannan R, et al. Positioning errors in digital panoramic radiographs: A study. J Orofacial Sci 2016;8(1):22-26. doi: 10.4103/0975-8844.181922.

  25. Scott AM, Reed WM. Panoramic radiography and patients with disability: a new simple breathing technique to reduce common airspace error. J Med Radiat Sci 2022;69:261-266.

  26. Brezden NA, Brooks SL. Evaluation of panoramic dental radiographs taken in private practice. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987; 63(5):617-21.

  27. Rondon RHN, Pereira YCL, Crivelaro do Nascimento G. Common positioning errors in panoramic radiography: A review. Imaging Sci Dent. 2014; 44(1):1-6. doi: 10.5624/isd.2014.44.1.1.

  28. Abdul-Wahab H, Ferguson DJ, Abou-Kheir N. Assessment of panoral radiograph quality in a dental treatment center. APOS Trends Orthod 2016;6:85-94. doi: 10.4103/2321-1407.177960.

  29. Asha V, Kavya Shankar M, Shalma H, et al. Positioning errors in digital panoramic radiographs-A retrospective analysis. Internl J Adv Res, Ideas, Innov Technol 2018;4(6):517-521

  30. Courter BJ. Pseudofractures of the mandible secondary to motion artifact. Am J Emerg Med 1994;12(1):88-9.

Acknowledgements


At Indiana University School of Dentistry


  • Mr. Thomas Meador, photographer, for preparation of some of the photographic illustrations.
  • Mr. Mark Dirlam, graphic artist, for preparation of the graphic illustrations.
  • Ms. Nicole Guerrettaz, administrative assistant, for serving as a model for some images used in this presentation.
  • Mr. Terry Wilson, dental illustrations, for serving as a model for some photographic images used in this presentation.

At the University of Louisville School of Dentistry


  • Ms. Susan Grammer, Associate Professor in the Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene for providing numerous panoramic images used in this presentation demonstrating radiographic errors.
  • Ms. Rebecca Miller, radiologic technologist assisting in developing photographic material and served as a model for images used in this presentation.
  • Barbara Mercer, radiologic technologist assisting in developing photographic material.

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