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The 2018 AAP/EFP Classification of Periodontal & Peri-implant Diseases

Course Number: 610

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References / Additional Resources

  1. Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol. 1999;4:1-6.

  2. Caton JG, Armitage G, Berglundh T, et al. A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions - Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification. J Periodontol. 2018;89 Suppl 1:S1‐S8. doi:10.1002/JPER.18-0157.

  3. Caton JG, Armitage G, Berglundh T, et al. A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions - Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S1‐S8. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12935.

  4. Allen W. The Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology: Implications for Human Health, Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Dysbiosis, 1st ed. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2016.

  5. Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition [published correction appears in J Periodontol. 2018 Dec;89(12):1475]. J Periodontol. 2018;89 Suppl 1:S159‐S172. doi:10.1002/JPER.18-0006.

  6. Berglundh T, Armitage G, Araujo MG, et al. Peri-implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S286‐S291. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12957.

  7. Chapple ILC, Mealey BL, Van Dyke TE, et al. Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: Consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S68‐S77. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12940.

  8. Cleveland Clinic, Definition of Precision Medicine. Last updated:09/28/2023. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/precision-medicine Accessed: Aug. 16, 2026

  9. Lexico. Oxford Dictionary. Accessed Aug. 16, 2026 .

  10. World Health Organization. Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference. Official Records of the World Health Organization 1948;19456 No.2:1. Accessed Aug. 2, 2023.

  11. Lang NP, Bartold PM. Periodontal health. J Periodontol. 2018;89 Suppl 1:S9‐S16. doi:10.1002/JPER.16-0517.

  12. Trombelli L, Farina R, Silva CO, Tatakis DN. Plaque-induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S44‐S67. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12939.

  13. Zhu B, Wang X, Li L. Human gut microbiome: the second genome of human body. Protein Cell. 2010;1(8):718‐725. doi:10.1007/s13238-010-0093-z.

  14. Deo PN, Deshmukh R. Oral microbiome: unveiling the fundamentals. J Oral Maxillofacial Pathol 2019;23:122-8.

  15. Van Dyke T, Bartold PM, Reynolds EC. The nexus between periodontal inflammation and dysbiosis. Frontiers in Immunology 2020;11:511

  16. NIH Human Microbiome Project.eHOMD version v4.20, 2026. Accessed Aug. 20, 2026

  17. Bradburne C, Hamosh A. Integrating the microbiome into precision medicine. Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development. 2016;1(6):475–77. doi:10.1080/23808993.2016.1259562. Accessed Aug. 2, 2023.

  18. Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, et al. Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S162‐S170. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12946.

  19. Jepsen S, Caton JG, Albandar JM, et al. Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and developmental and acquired conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 3 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol. 2018;89 Suppl 1:S237‐S248. doi:10.1002/JPER.17-0733.

  20. Kornman K, Papapanou PN. 4-step approach to implementing the new staging and grading system for periodontitis. Paper presented at EuroPerio 9. Proceedings of the European Federation of Periodontology, 2018 June 20-23, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

  21. Wang X, Han X, Guo X, Luo X, Wang D. The effect of periodontal treatment on hemoglobin a1c levels of diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e108412. Published 2014 Sep 25. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108412.

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