ADRs Affecting the Respiratory System

Dyspnea (ADR #17) is a symptom referring to shortness of breath, breathlessness, inability to take a deep breath, suffocating, air hunger, or pain on breathing.^14,41 Causes include respiratory, cardiac, neuromuscular, psychogenic, and/or systemic illness.⁴¹ Drugs that may induce dyspnea include opioids, cardioselective and nonselective β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, dipyridamole, ASA, NSAIDs, and psychotropic drugs.⁴²