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HIV: Infection Control/Exposure Control Issues for Oral Healthcare Personnel

Course Number: 97

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References / Additional Resources

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2018–2022. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report, 2024; 29 (No.1). Accessed September 3, 2026.

  2. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1981 Jun 5;30(21):250-2.

  3. Worobey M, Gemmel M, Teuwen DE, et al. Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960. Nature. 2008 Oct 2;455(7213):661-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07390.

  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ways HIV can be transmitted. Accessed September 3, 2026.

  5. Landovitz RJ, Currier JS. Clinical practice. Postexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 29;361(18):1768-75. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp0904189.

  6. Westby M, Lewis M, Whitcomb J, et al. Emergence of CXCR4-using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants in a minority of HIV-1-infected patients following treatment with the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc is from a pretreatment CXCR4-using virus reservoir. J Virol. 2006 May;80(10):4909-20. doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.10.4909-4920.2006.

  7. A good historical reference. G. Pantaleo, A. S. Fauci. IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF HIV INFECTION. Annual Review of Microbiology. 1996:50;825-854.

  8. Kinloch-De Loës S, Hirschel BJ, Hoen B, et al. A controlled trial of zidovudine in primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1995 Aug 17;333(7):408-13. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199508173330702.

  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection--United States, 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014 Apr 11;63(RR-03):1-10.

  10. Patton LL, Phelan JA, Ramos-Gomez FJ, et al. Prevalence and classification of HIV-associated oral lesions. Oral Dis. 2002;8 Suppl 2:98-109.

  11. Reznik DA. Oral manifestations of HIV disease. Top HIV Med. 2005 Dec-2006 Jan;13(5):143-8.

  12. Lomelí-Martínez SM, González-Hernández LA, Ruiz-Anaya AJ, Lomelí-Martínez MA, Martínez-Salazar SY, Mercado González AE, Andrade-Villanueva JF, Varela-Hernández JJ. Oral Manifestations Associated with HIV/AIDS Patients. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Sep 3;58(9):1214. doi: 10.3390/medicina58091214. PMID: 36143891; PMCID: PMC9504409.

  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Technical Update for HIV Nucleic Acid Tests Approved for Diagnostic Purposes. Published May 16, 2023. Accessed September 3, 2026.

  14. HIVinfo.NIH.gov. FDA-Approved HIV Medications. Updated June 8, 2026. Accessed September 3, 2026

  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Occupational HIV Transmission and Prevention among Health Care Workers. Updated August 6, 2026. Accessed September 3, 2026.

  16. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, et al. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings. Am J Infect Control. 2007 Dec;35(10 Suppl 2):S65-164. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007.

  17. Do AN, Ciesielski CA, Metler RP, et al. Occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: national case surveillance data during 20 years of the HIV epidemic in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003 Feb;24(2):86-96. doi: 10.1086/502178.

  18. Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, et al. A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. N Engl J Med. 1997 Nov 20;337(21):1485-90. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199711203372101.

  19. Kofman, A.D., et al. 2025 US Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Recommendations for Post-exposure Prophylaxis in Healthcare Settings. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

  20. Henderson DK, Dembry L-M, Sifri CD, et al. Management of healthcare personnel living with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or human immunodeficiency virus in US healthcare institutions. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2022;43(2):147-155. doi:10.1017/ice.2020.458.

  21. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Joyce, MP, Kuhar, Kuhar, D, Brooks, JT. Notes from the Field: Occupationally Acquired HIV Infection Among Health Care Workers — United States, 1985–2013. MMWR January 9, 2015 / 63(53);1245-1246.

  22. Henderson DK, Dembry L, Fishman NO, et al. SHEA guideline for management of healthcare workers who are infected with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and/or human immunodeficiency virus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010 Mar;31(3):203-32. doi: 10.1086/650298.

  23. Crossley ML. An investigation of dentists' knowledge, attitudes and practices towards HIV+ and patients with other blood-borne viruses in South Cheshire, UK. Br Dent J. 2004 Jun 26;196(12):749-54, quiz 780. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4811382.

  24. Shirlaw PJ, Chikte U, MacPhail L, et al. Oral and dental care and treatment protocols for the management of HIV-infected patients. Oral Dis. 2002;8 Suppl 2:136-43.

  25. Kohn WG, Collins AS, Cleveland JL, et al. Guidelines for infection control in dental health-care settings--2003. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003 Dec 19;52(RR-17):1-61.

  26. DePaola LG. Managing the care of patients infected with bloodborne diseases. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003 Mar;134(3):350-8.

Additional Resources


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