Diabetes and Oral Health Links

The oral cavity serves as a critical indicator of overall health, with its pathology exerting an impact on systemic conditions. Neglecting oral health can exacerbate systemic conditions, and vice versa, due to the bidirectional relationship between oral and overall health.²²

Diabetes mellitus (DM) encompasses a broad spectrum of metabolic disorders, characterized by insufficient insulin production to insulin resistance, or a combination of both, resulting in impaired glucose levels. Chronic hyperglycemia associated with DM significantly elevates the risk of various oral health issues including periodontal disease, head and neck cancers, salivary gland dysfunction, dental caries, and delayed wound healing. Glycemic control plays a critical role in the success rates of dental implant in patients, as poor regulation can hinder bone health and increases the likelihood of complications.²² Additionally, DM influences vascular changes in the gingival, alters the immune response, elevates inflammatory markers and disrupts the microbiome balance within the periodontal pockets.²²

Special population groups are at greater risk of complications from the bidirectional conditions of oral health and systemic health risks. The interdisciplinary approach and collaboration between dental and medical professionals are essential to improve patient outcomes. Preventive oral care and early intervention are emphasized as key strategies in managing and potentially mitigating chronic disease progression.²²