Dietary Patterns and Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease is a multifactorial, chronic, inflammatory disease, driven by microorganisms in biofilm and the host’s immune response. The typical proinflammatory diet, high in processed foods, sugars, and saturated fats significantly increase the risk of periodontitis.¹⁸

Nutrition, and the intake of phytonutrients, antioxidants and macro and micronutrients play a significant role in the body’s ability to manage periodontal health. A balanced diet can support the immune response and promote healing and slow progression. Studies show the Mediterranean, plant-based diet is associated with a reduced risk.¹⁸ Vitamin C, and omega-3 fatty acids are particularly beneficial in reducing inflammation and promoting healing.¹⁸

The table below highlights key nutrients for optimal periodontal health.

Table 5. Nutrients Important for a Healthy Periodontium.¹⁸

Vitamin D Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium absorption Deficiency linked to periodontal disease Bone metabolism	Vitamin A Builds and maintains epithelium Enhances immune system Salivary gland function
B-Complex Vitamins Formation of new cells Cofactor for nutrients Periodontal wound healing Collagen synthesis (biotin)	Protein Promotes growth maintenance and repair of all tissues
Vitamin C Aids in collagen formation Deficiency causes ascorbic acid gingivitis Enhances immune response	Iron, Zinc Aids in collagen formation Wound healing Regulates inflammation
Calcium Builds and maintains alveolar process	Lipids Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties Obesity is a risk factor for periodontal disease
Fiber Controls serum glucose and inflammatory response Deficiency linked to periodontal inflammation	Probiotics Strengthens immune system Inhibits colonization of harmful microorganisms May reduce lactobacillus

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