Introduction

According to the Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, occlusion is defined as “the static relationship between the incising or masticatory surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth or tooth analogues.”¹ Occlusion represents the contact between opposing teeth/restorations. It plays a critical role in achieving optimal masticatory function and prosthetic outcome.^2,3

Occlusion is also a crucial component associated with the success and long-term survival of implants and implant prostheses.⁴ The functional adaptability of implants is different from that of natural teeth, this is primarily attributed to the absence of the periodontal ligament.^5,6 Proper management of occlusal forces is critical for achieving successful osseointegration (in cases of immediate loading), maintaining peri-implant bone health, and preventing mechanical or biological complications.^5,6 While occlusal loading is considered clinically critical, the scientific evidence investigating the effect of occlusal loading on implant outcomes is limited. Graves et al. reported that occlusal overload may negatively affect peri-implant tissues but emphasized the need for further studies to corroborate their findings.⁷ Sheridan et al. emphasized the importance of proper management of occlusal forces for improving the long-term success of implants.⁸ Kim et al. suggested that biomechanical risk factors such as large cantilevers, parafunctional habits, premature contacts, and improper occlusal design may affect the long-term health of the implant.⁹

A systematic review by Goldstein et al. evaluated nearly 1,500 articles but found only 15 studies specifically focusing on implant occlusion.¹⁰ Similarly, Sadowsky et al. reported that there were no established guidelines for implant occlusion.¹¹ Since high-quality studies on implant occlusion are scarce, the philosophies derived from natural dentition are often applied to implants to optimize occlusal stability, preserve peri-implant health, and enhance the long-term success of implant-supported restorations.¹⁰